Scientists have long looked to nature and biology in order to understand and model solutions for complex real-world problems.The study of bionics bridges the functions,biological structures and functions and organizat...Scientists have long looked to nature and biology in order to understand and model solutions for complex real-world problems.The study of bionics bridges the functions,biological structures and functions and organizational principles found in nature with our modem technologies,numerous mathematical and metaheuristic algorithms have been developed along with the knowledge transferring process from the lifeforms to the human technologies.Output of bionics study includes not only physical products,but also various optimization computation methods that can be applied in different areas.Related algorithms can broadly be divided into four groups:evolutionary based bio-inspired algorithms,swarm intelligence-based bio-inspired algorithms,ecology-based bio-inspired algorithms and multi-objective bio-inspired algorithms.Bio-inspired algorithms such as neural network,ant colony algorithms,particle swarm optimization and others have been applied in almost every area of science,engineering and business management with a dramatic increase of number of relevant publications.This paper provides a systematic,pragmatic and comprehensive review of the latest developments in evolutionary based bio-inspired algorithms,swarm intelligence based bio-inspired algorithms,ecology based bio-inspired algorithms and multi-objective bio-inspired algorithms.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to compare pre-service teachers’views of ethical issues in assessment practices in the US and China.Focus group interviews were conducted among 16 pre-service teachers from the US and 15...The purpose of this study was to compare pre-service teachers’views of ethical issues in assessment practices in the US and China.Focus group interviews were conducted among 16 pre-service teachers from the US and 15 pre-service teachers from China.Results indicated that the inclusion of effort in grading is a key issue for the pre-service teachers in both the US and China.American pre-service teachers have more consistent views with experts regarding using multiple assessment methods and communications about grading.Pre-service teachers in both countries appeared to have consistent views with experts regarding the confidentiality and standardized test preparation.The findings of this study can help build guidelines regarding ethical issues in classroom assessment.展开更多
文摘Scientists have long looked to nature and biology in order to understand and model solutions for complex real-world problems.The study of bionics bridges the functions,biological structures and functions and organizational principles found in nature with our modem technologies,numerous mathematical and metaheuristic algorithms have been developed along with the knowledge transferring process from the lifeforms to the human technologies.Output of bionics study includes not only physical products,but also various optimization computation methods that can be applied in different areas.Related algorithms can broadly be divided into four groups:evolutionary based bio-inspired algorithms,swarm intelligence-based bio-inspired algorithms,ecology-based bio-inspired algorithms and multi-objective bio-inspired algorithms.Bio-inspired algorithms such as neural network,ant colony algorithms,particle swarm optimization and others have been applied in almost every area of science,engineering and business management with a dramatic increase of number of relevant publications.This paper provides a systematic,pragmatic and comprehensive review of the latest developments in evolutionary based bio-inspired algorithms,swarm intelligence based bio-inspired algorithms,ecology based bio-inspired algorithms and multi-objective bio-inspired algorithms.
文摘The purpose of this study was to compare pre-service teachers’views of ethical issues in assessment practices in the US and China.Focus group interviews were conducted among 16 pre-service teachers from the US and 15 pre-service teachers from China.Results indicated that the inclusion of effort in grading is a key issue for the pre-service teachers in both the US and China.American pre-service teachers have more consistent views with experts regarding using multiple assessment methods and communications about grading.Pre-service teachers in both countries appeared to have consistent views with experts regarding the confidentiality and standardized test preparation.The findings of this study can help build guidelines regarding ethical issues in classroom assessment.
