Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes

Although stem cell-based therapy has demonstrated considerable potential to manage certain diseases more successfully than conventional surgery,it nevertheless comes with inescapable drawbacks that might limit its clinical translation.Compared to stem cells,stem cell-derived exosomes possess numerous advantages,such as non-immunogenicity,non-infusion toxicity,easy access,effortless preservation,and freedom from tumorigenic potential and ethical issues.Exosomes can inherit similar therapeutic effects from their parental cells such as embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells through vertical delivery of their pluripotency or multipotency.After a thorough search and meticulous dissection of relevant literature from the last five years,we present this comprehensive,up-to-date,specialty-specific and disease-oriented review to highlight the surgical application and potential of stem cell-derived exosomes.Exosomes derived from stem cells(e.g.,embryonic,induced pluripotent,hematopoietic,mesenchymal,neural,and endothelial stem cells)are capable of treating numerous diseases encountered in orthopedic surgery,neurosurgery,plastic surgery,general surgery,cardiothoracic surgery,urology,head and neck surgery,ophthalmology,and obstetrics and gynecology.The diverse therapeutic effects of stem cells-derived exosomes are a hierarchical translation through tissue-specific responses,and cell-specific molecular signaling pathways.In this review,we highlight stem cell-derived exosomes as a viable and potent alternative to stem cell-based therapy in managing various surgical conditions.We recommend that future research combines wisdoms from surgeons,nanomedicine practitioners,and stem cell researchers in this relevant and intriguing research area.

Significant emission reductions of carbonaceous aerosols from residential coal burning by a novel stove

Carbonaceous aerosols(CA) are crucial components in the atmospheric PM_(2.5) and derived from diverse sources. One of the major sources for CA is from the incomplete combustion of bituminous coal that has been prevailingly used by household stoves in rural areas for heating during winter. To efficiently eliminate the CA emission, a new household stove(NHS) was developed based on a novel combustion technology and CA emissions from the NHS and a traditional household stove(THS) were comparably investigated under the actual stove operation conditions in a farmer’s house. Compared with the THS, the emission factors of organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC), and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC) from the NHS were reduced by 96%±1%, 98%±1%, and 91%±1% under the flaming process and 95%±1%, 96%±2%, and 83%±4% under the smoldering process, respectively. Additionally,the mass absorption efficiency of WSOC from the NHS reduced by 3 folds and the radiative forcing by WSOC relative to EC shrank remarkably by a factor of 3-8. Based on the reduction of emissions and light absorption of WSOC, the promotion of the NHS offers a possible solution to achieve the clean combustion of residential solid fuel.