Direct mask-free fabrication of patterned hierarchical graphene electrode for on-chip micro-supercapacitors

Graphene-based electrodes with rational structural design have shown extraordinary prospect for en-hanced electrical double-layer capacitance of micro-supercapacitors(MSCs).Herein,a facile fabrication method for flexible planar MSCs based on hierarchical graphene was demonstrated by using a laser-treated membrane for electrode patterning,complemented with hierarchical electrode configuration tak-ing full advantages of size-determined functional graphene.The in-plane interdigital shape of MSCs was defined through vacuum filtration with the assistance of the functionalized polypropylene(PP)mem-brane.The hierarchical graphene films were built by macroscopic assembly based on size effect of differ-ent lateral sized graphene sheets(rGO-LSL).The sample of MSCs based on rGO-L SL(MSCs-LSL)exhibited excellent volumetric capacitance of 6.7 F cm^(−3) and high energy density of 0.37 mWh cm−3.The MSCs-LSL presented superb flexibility and cycling stability with no capacitance deteroriated after 2000 cycles.This newly developed fabrication strategy is of good scalability and designability to manufacture flexible elec-trode for MSCs with customized shapes,while the construction of hierarchical graphene can enlighten the structural design of analogous two-dimensional materials for potential advanced electronics.

Heterogeneity of Surface Heat Exchange of Slopes and Potential Drivers of the Initiation of Thaw Slump,Qinghai‑Tibet Plateau

In the mountainous permafrost area,most thaw slumps are distributed in north or northeast-facing shady slope areas.It is commonly known that there is a heterogeneity in permafrost between diferent slope aspects,but there has been a lack of detailed measured data to quantitatively evaluate their relationships,and in-depth understandings on how the slope aspects are linked to the distribution of thaw slumps.This study examined the heterogenous thermal regime,soil moisture content,and surface radiation at two slope sites with opposing aspects in a warming permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The results indicate that similar air temperatures(T_(a))were monitored on the two slopes,but there were signifcant diferences in ground temperature and moisture content in the active layer from 2016 to 2021.The sunny slope exhibited a higher mean annual ground surface temperature(T_(s)),and over the fve years the mean annual temperature at the top of permafrost was 1.3–1.4℃warmer on the sunny slope than the shady slope.On the contrary,the near-surface soil moisture content was about 10–13%lower on the sunny slope(~22–27%)than the shady slope(~35–38%)during the thawing season(June–September).Radiation data indicate that signifcantly higher shortwave downward radiation(DR)appeared at the sunny slope site.However,due to the greater surface albedo,the net radiation(Rn)was lower on the sunny slope.Slope aspect also afects the ground ice content due to its infuence on ground temperature,freeze-thaw cycles,and soil moisture.Shady slopes have a shallower burial of ice-rich permafrost compared to sunny slopes.The results highlight greatly diferent near-surface ground thermal conditions at the two slope sites with diferent aspects in a mountainous permafrost region.This helps identify the slope-related causes of increasing thaw slumps and provides a basis for predicting their future development.

Bioactivities and molecular mechanisms of polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus

Hericium erinaceus,an edible and medicinal mushroom,has been utilized since ancient China due to its delicious taste and health benefits.The polysaccharide from H.erinaceus(HEP)is supposed to be one of the major bioactive compounds,which garnered widespread attention in seeking innovative applications for precision nutrition.Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that HEP possesses antioxidant and anti-aging,gastrointestinal protecting,anti-tumor,hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic,immune-enhancing,neuroprotective,and hepatoprotective activities,verifying its functional benefits to human health.This review provides an overview of the extraction and structure of HEP,and concluded that HEP had different structures with different sources of H.erinaceus and extraction methods.Besides,the biochemical and pharmacological properties of HEP as well as the relative mechanism were highlighted and summarized on the basis of in vivo and in vitro studies,which could be helpful for the healthy application of HEP.Finally,the research prospects of HEP for specific populations or precision nutrition were proposed.