鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区二叠系太原组铝土岩系储层特征及勘探意义

近期,鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘陇东地区二叠系太原组铝土岩系天然气勘探获重大突破,开辟了盆地找气新领域。为系统探究铝土岩这一新的储层类型,基于岩心观察、测井、地震、岩石薄片、X射线衍射全岩分析、扫描电镜—能谱、高压压汞、低温氮气吸附等方法,详细研究了铝土岩系储层岩石学特征和孔隙结构特征,进而阐述了盆地铝土岩系储层的主控因素和勘探意义。结果表明:(1)岩性垂向上具有三段式的结构特征,上部和下部以铝土质泥岩为主,中部以铝土岩为主,溶蚀孔隙发育,是铝土岩系主要储层发育段;(2)太原组铝土岩系矿物组成以铝质矿物和黏土矿物为主,主要矿物为一水硬铝石、高岭石、伊利石及绿泥石,矿物晶体细小,以隐晶、微晶及隐晶质团块为主;(3)铝土岩储集空间主要是颗粒内溶孔、基质溶孔、粒间溶孔、晶间孔隙及微裂隙等,孔径主要介于20~200μm;储层主流喉道孔径介于150 nm~4μm,孔隙结构较好,退汞效率高,整体上以亚微米—微米级孔喉为主;储层物性孔隙度平均为10.6%,渗透率平均为4.04×10^(-3)μm^(2),大于0.3×10^(-3)μm^(2)以上的占到36%,储集条件较好;(4)沉积环境和古地貌控制了铝土岩储层的分布,潜坑和阶地型微古地貌富集铝土岩,是主要的勘探有利区。该研究成果可为华北等地区铝土岩天然气勘探提供借鉴。

河套盆地临河坳陷石油地质特征及勘探前景

河套盆地历经40余年勘探,近期获得重大突破,松5井在古近系临河组试油获得62.6m3/d工业油流。通过临河坳陷石油地质特征综合研究认为:狼山断裂、杭五断裂、黄河断裂控制了坳陷沉积演化与生烃中心,该坳陷经历了早白垩世拗陷期、新生代断陷期2个沉积演化阶段。发育白垩系固阳组、古近系临河组2套咸水湖相烃源岩,有机质丰度高,以Ⅱ1型及Ⅰ型为主,生烃潜力大,因埋深变化大,低成熟到高、过成熟阶段均有分布。主要发育固阳组、临河组碎屑岩储集层,埋深小于5 000 m的储集层物性较好,在吉西凸起带基岩风化裂隙也有一定的储集能力。勘探发现断块型、断背斜型、基岩裂缝型油藏,为低成熟—成熟原油,来自固阳组及临河组生油岩。研究表明临河坳陷油气资源丰富、勘探潜力大,固阳组及临河组是主要勘探目的层,杭五断裂带、吉西凸起带、北部深凹陷区是有利勘探地区。

鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段致密砂岩气藏储层特征及地质工程一体化对策

为明确致密砂岩气藏储层特征、低产原因及提高单井产量对策,应用铸体薄片、恒速压汞、高压压汞、低温液氮吸附、应力敏感、水锁伤害等分析测试手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界二叠系石盒子组盒8段致密砂岩储层微观孔隙结构特征和气藏低产原因进行深入分析;结合气藏特征,明确了提高单井产量的地质工程一体化对策。研究认为,盒8段致密砂岩储层以岩屑溶孔、晶间孔等次生溶蚀孔隙为主,裂缝不发育,为单一孔隙介质储层;喉道半径分布曲线主峰为0.2~2.2μm,渗透率小于1mD的储层中近纳米级喉道连通的孔隙体积大于38%,为微细喉储层,微细喉道控制了储层的渗流能力;应力作用下微细喉道易发生缩颈、闭合,遇水快速自吸引发喉道缩颈、堵塞,应力敏感伤害和水锁伤害强。加之单砂体规模小、储量丰度低,单井普遍低产。地质工程一体化提高单井产量的对策:一是优选含气富集的物性"甜点"和储层易改造的工程"甜点",降本增效;二是精细方案设计,强化储层保护,依据储层特征设计针对性改造方案;三是通过体积压裂加大储层改造规模,将单一孔隙介质储层改造成孔隙-裂缝双介质储层,减弱微细喉道对储层渗流能力的控制,优选垂向连通性较好的主河道部署水平井,扩大泄流面积;四是多层动用、多层合采,提高单井产量。

鄂尔多斯盆地深层寒武系碳酸盐岩储层特征与主控因素

寒武系是鄂尔多斯盆地重要的油气勘探潜力层系。基于最新钻井、野外露头、地震资料和镜下薄片鉴定,识别出其主要发育相控型和构造强改造型两大类储层,进而细分出8类储集体,其中表生岩溶储集体和高能云化鲕粒滩是鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系的主要储集体。寒武系碳酸盐岩储集体的储集空间类型丰富,孔、洞、缝均发育,不同储集体类型的储集空间类型差异明显。提出了寒武系储层发育主要受控于高能相带云岩、古隆起区表生岩溶作用和断裂活动等3方面因素,建立了寒武系储层模式图。在此基础上探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系碳酸盐岩油气勘探方向,指出盆地西南缘的庆阳古陆周缘地区的寒武系岩溶缝洞型储集体发育区是重点勘探地区。

鄂尔多斯盆地长7段致密储层微观特征研究

针对鄂尔多斯盆地致密油储层特征复杂,缺乏系统研究的问题,通过大量岩芯观察,分析化验数据统计,同时采用恒速压汞实验、场发射及CT扫描等高分辨率测试手段和方法,对长7致密油储集层形成和特征进行了研究,认为延长组长7段致密油储集体由牵引流和重力流沉积的致密砂岩形成,具有粒度细,储层厚度大,脆性指数高,储层物性差等特征。孔隙类型以粒间孔和长石溶孔为主,可见孔隙含量低,主要发育微米—纳米级孔隙,喉道以片状和管状为主,受黏土矿物和有机质充填,有效孔隙体积小,但微裂缝发育,连通性好,储层含油层物性下限低,可动流体饱和度高。

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘古峰庄地区低级序断层封闭性及其控藏作用

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘古峰庄地区低级序断层发育,断层性质及其封闭性与油藏密切相关,明确该区低级序断层特征及其封闭性对于复杂构造条件下的石油勘探具有重要意义。基于井震结合分析了低级序断层特征,根据断层与成藏匹配关系以及延长组岩性组合特征,运用断—储排替压差法定量评价了断层封闭性。结果表明,低级序断层主要为晚侏罗世—早白垩世末期形成的逆断层,断距小,倾角陡,延伸短,以北西—南东向呈雁行式分带展布。研究区延长组总体为砂泥岩薄互层段,受断层作用易形成断层岩,断层封闭与否取决于断层岩与所对置储层的排替压差。该区断层岩泥质含量为20%～60%,排替压力一般小于1.5MPa,普遍小于对置储层的排替压力,断层以开启为主,仅少数为封闭断层。早白垩世末期,开启断层为石油输导提供了运移通道,受围岩及封闭断层封堵影响,断层附近的低幅度圈闭及相对高渗储集区为石油聚集的有利目标。

鄂尔多斯盆地华池-合水地区长3_1储层孔喉结构特征

鄂尔多斯盆地华池—合水地区长31低渗透砂岩储层物性差、孔喉结构复杂,存在注水开发效率低的问题,基于高压压汞、恒速压汞技术对孔喉特征进行研究,并结合镜下薄片鉴定及扫描电镜分析,探讨了微观孔喉结构的成因。结果表明:依据高压压汞实验结果可将储层孔喉发育程度分为较好、适中及较差等3类,依据恒速压汞实验结果可将储层分为Ⅰ类大孔中细喉型、Ⅱ类大孔细喉型和Ⅲ类大孔微细喉型等3类;不同孔喉结构储层孔隙特征相似,喉道特征差异明显,储层物性受单位体积有效孔隙体积与喉道参数影响,其中孔隙度主要受单位体积有效孔隙体积、单位体积有效喉道体积和单位体积有效喉道数量影响,渗透率主要受单位体积有效孔隙体积和喉道半径影响;Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类储层孔喉比依次增大,孔喉配置关系依次变差,孔喉比与渗透率负相关性好;微观孔喉结构受胶结作用、溶蚀作用控制,胶结作用越弱,溶蚀作用越强,孔喉结构越好。

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系乌拉力克组页岩沉积环境及有机质富集机制

在岩相学研究基础上,应用有机地球化学、主量及微量元素地球化学分析方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘两口钻井奥陶系乌拉力克组斜坡相页岩沉积环境进行分析,探讨其对有机质富集的影响。研究结果表明:乌拉力克组页岩以石英(平均质量分数为47.5%)和黏土矿物(平均质量分数为24.9%)为主,发育硅质页岩和混合页岩。页岩总有机碳(TOC)含量较低(TOC质量分数平均为0.85%),有机质类型为Ⅰ型,有机质热演化程度达到高成熟阶段(等效镜质体反射率R_(equ)平均为1.42%)。乌拉力克组沉积期古生产力指标w(生物SiO_(2))和w(Ba)/w(Al)显示具有低的古生产力,气候以温暖湿润为主。氧化还原指标(w(V)/w(Cr),w(V)/w(Sc)和w(Ni)/w(Co))及岩相学显示沉积水体为深水贫氧强受限环境。综合分析认为乌拉力克组页岩有机质富集受控于古生产力和较好的保存条件。乌拉力克组有机质含量低的主要原因是古生产力低,而古生产力低可能是沉积期研究区距离火山活动较远、缺乏海底洋流和陆源物质输入较少引起的表层水体营养物质浓度较低所致。

鄂尔多斯盆地东部绥德-吴堡地区山23气层砂岩成岩相类型与控因

成岩相的研究结果可以有效指导储集层的寻找。本文基于对鄂尔多斯盆地东部绥德-吴堡地区山西组山23气层493个砂岩样品铸体薄片的系统观察与鉴定,研究该砂岩储层的主要成岩作用类型及特征。根据主要成岩作用的微观发育特征,结合储层物性,建立成岩相划分方案,分析各类成岩相的特征、分布规律及控制因素。结果表明,研究区山23气层砂岩储层处于中成岩B期,主要经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀作用的改造,成岩相可精细划分为三大类、七个亚类。其中,斑状致密组合孔隙相主要分布于石英砂岩中,位于厚度较大的河道中心砂体中,残余粒间孔、次生溶孔等发育,面孔率较高,储集孔渗条件较好,是有效储集层分布的有利相带。

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组遗迹化石组合与古环境

通过对野外剖面、钻井岩芯中遗迹化石组合的分析发现,鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世延长期发育的湖泊地层中主要有垂直居住迹(Skolithos和Cylindricum)、垂直觅食迹(Scoyenia)、U形管迹(Arenicolites)、潜穴迹(Planolites、Chondrites和Teichichnus)、水平迹(Protopaleodictyon)、逃逸迹(Fugichnia)、游泳迹及根迹.结果表明:遗迹化石的分布和组合与鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世湖盆的沉积环境相匹配,这对于利用遗迹化石组合恢复湖盆岩相古地理具有重要的地质意义.

鄂尔多斯盆地正宁地区长6致密储层特征及其主控因素

通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性资料以及岩心照片分析,对研究区长6致密储层特征及其主控因素进行深入研究。研究结果表明,正宁地区长6致密储层主要受沉积微相、填隙物含量、压实作用、胶结作用及裂缝发育水平等因素的综合影响。此外,储层物性与含油性具有明显的正相关性,局部发育的优质储层是油井高产的重要原因。

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界延长组陆相页岩油富集特征与资源潜力

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界延长组长7段主要发育半深湖-深湖相泥页岩,是盆地中生界油藏的主力烃源岩层,源内页岩油资源丰富。与北美海相页岩油相比,长7页岩油沉积相变化快、地层连续性差、非均质性强,其富集特征和分布规律更为复杂。基于盆地30余口长7段全取心井开展精细岩心描述和3万余块次实验分析测试,明确了长7烃源岩层系页岩油基本地质特征和富集主控因素,客观评价了页岩油资源潜力,2019年发现了10亿吨级庆城页岩油大油田。长7段泥页岩层系发育源储分异型(Ⅰ类)、源储一体型(Ⅱ类)及纯页岩型(Ⅲ类)三种页岩油类型。高有机质丰度烃源岩是页岩油富集的物质基础,多成因类型砂岩储层发育数量众多的微纳米孔喉单元,是页岩油赋存的主要空间与渗流通道,多类型细粒沉积岩间互分布构成了良好的源储共生配置,高强度生烃和异常高压持续充注形成了源内高含油饱和度页岩油。长7段页岩油发育陇东、陕北两大含油区带,初步落实页岩油储量规模30~50亿吨,2025年有望建成500万吨页岩油生产基地。

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬—吴起地区三叠系延长组6段成藏控制因素

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬—吴起地区三叠系延长组6段紧邻长7段优质烃源岩,但油藏分布不均匀、油水分布复杂。通过大量岩心观察和裂缝统计,结合储集层物性、压汞数据、测井资料以及地球化学参数等综合分析,通过东西部含油区和中部出水区砂体发育规模、储集层物性、源储间泥质纹层和裂缝发育对比分析,明确研究区东、中和西部不同区块成藏差异,总结双物源沉积背景下的油气运移特征。研究结果表明:姬塬—吴起地区东、西部区块原油姥植比和甾烷存在差异,油气主要以垂向运移为主。优质的烃源岩和有利的生储盖组合为研究区油藏大面积发育奠定了基础。垂向上,砂体发育规模与储集层物性差异控制了延长组6段不同亚段的油气富集程度;平面上,油气富集程度主要受砂体连通性、源储间泥质纹层、储集层物性以及裂缝等因素的控制。东、西部富含油区单砂体厚度大、泥质含量低、储集层物性好、非均质性弱、泥质纹层少且裂缝发育,有利于油气垂向运聚与成藏。中部物源沉积交汇区单砂体薄而多,岩性、物性变化快,储集层非均质性强,砂体连续性差,源储间泥质纹层发育,裂缝不发育,阻碍了油气垂向运移,导致油气富集程度低。对于陆相多物源复杂致密储集层而言,不应只考虑优质烃源岩和储集层,更应重点考虑源储接触关系以及裂缝对油气运移富集的影响。该认识对研究区以及类似地区油气富集带及甜点预测具有重要的借鉴作用。

Characteristics and Origin of Tight Oil Accumulations in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin,North-Central China

The Upper Triassic oil accumulations in the Ordos Basin is the most successful tight oil play in China,with average porosity values of less than 10% and permeability values below 1.0 mD.This study investigated the geological characteristics and origin of the tight oil accumulations in the Chang 6 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Shanbei area based on over 50,000 petrological,source-rock analysis,well logging and production data.The tight oil accumulation of the Chang 6 member is distributed continuously in the basin slope and the centre of the basin.The oilwater relationships are complex.Laumontite dissolution pores are the most important storage spaces,constituting 30%-60% of total porosity and showing a strong positive relationship with oil production.The pore-throat diameter is less than 1 μm,and the calculated critical height of the oil column is much larger than the tight sand thickness,suggesting that the buoyancy was probably of limited importance for oil migration.The pressure difference between the source rocks and sandstone reservoirs is inferred to have provided driving force for hydrocarbon migration.Two factors of source-reservoir configuration and laumontite dissolution contributed to the formation of the Chang 6 tight oil accumulations.Intense hydrocarbon generation and continuous sand bodies close to the hydrocarbon kitchen are the foundation for the large-scale oil distribution.Dissolution of feldspar-laumontite during the process of organic matter evolution generated abundant secondary pores and improved the reservoir quality.

Evidence of Oil Sources and Migration in Triassic-Jurassic Reservoirs in the South Tianhuan Depression of the Ordos Basin, China Based on Analysis of Biomarkers and Nitrogen-Bearing Compounds

The Ordos Basin is an important intracontinental sedimentary basin in western China for its abundant Mesozoic crude oil resources. The southern part of the Tianhuan Depression is located in the southwestern marginal area of this Basin, in which the Jurassic and Triassic Chang-3 are the main oil-bearing strata. Currently, no consensus has been reached regarding oil source and oil migration in the area, and an assessment of oil accumulation patterns is thus challenging. In this paper, the oil source, migration direction, charging site and migration pathways are investigated through analysis of pyrrolic nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbon biomarkers. Oil source correlations show that the oils trapped in the Jurassic and Chang-3 reservoirs were derived from the Triassic Chang-7 source rocks. The Jurassic and Chang-3 crude oils both underwent distinct vertical migration from deep to shallow strata, indicating that the oils generated by Chang-7 source rocks may have migrated upward to the shallower Chang-3 and Jurassic strata under abnormally high pressures, to accumulate along the sand bodies of the ancient rivers and the unconformity surface. The charging direction of the Jurassic and Chang-3 crude oils is primarily derived from Mubo, Chenhao, and Shangliyuan, which are located northeast of the southern Tianhuan Depression, with oils moving toward the west, southwest, and south. The results show that an integration of biomarker and nitrogen-bearing compound analyses can provide useful information about oil source, migration, and accumulation.

The Nano-Macro Pore Network and the Characteristics of Petroleum Migration and Accumulation in Chang 8 Tight Sandstone Reservoir in Heshui,Ordos Basin

Tight oil generally refers to the oil stored in the tight sandstone reservoir or tight carbonate reservoir that the overburden matrix permeability is less than or equal to 0.1 mD （equivalent of about air permeability less than 1.0 mD） （Zeng et al., 2014）.

发展乡村旅游业在中国乡村振兴中的作用——江苏省蒋巷村农业旅游发展模式探究

党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央领导人作出了一系列重大部署,全面打响了脱贫攻坚战。至2021年我国已实现全面脱贫,回望中国脱贫攻坚的历程,很多脱贫村的脱贫方法值得研究,总结出一套具有中国特色的脱贫办法,并探索可持续发展道路具有很强的现实意义。本文以蒋巷村发展旅游业实现脱贫为例,通过实地调研分析蒋巷村脱贫的方式,研究经济强村的旅游发展之路,以期总结出中国脱贫的发展方法,并为脱贫村之后的可持续发展道路提出建议。

Factors controlling the reservoir accumulation of Triassic Chang 6 Member in Jiyuan-Wuqi area,Ordos Basin,NW China

In the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Jiyuan-Wuqi area, Ordos Basin, the Chang 6 reservoir is contacted to the Chang 7 high-quality source rock, but the oil pools are unevenly distributed, and complex in oil and water distribution. Through cores observation and fracture statistics, combined with comprehensive analyses of physical property, mercury injection, logging and geochemical data, and comparisons of the sandbodies scales, reservoir physical properties, argillaceous laminae and fractures between source and reservoir in the eastern and western oil-bearing areas and in the central water producing area, it is found that the hydrocarbon accumulation patterns are different in the eastern, central and western areas, and the characteristics of hydrocarbon migration under the background of double-provenance were sorted out. The study results show that the crude oil in the eastern area has different Pr/Ph and sterane distribution from that in the western area. The oil and gas primarily migrated vertically. The high-quality source rocks and favorable source-reservoir-cap combinations lay the foundation for large-scale oil and gas accumulations. Vertically, the oil and gas enrichment is controlled by the scale of sandbody and the difference of physical properties, while on the plane, it is controlled by the connectivity of sandbodies, the argillaceous laminae between source rock and reservoir, the reservoir physical property and the fractures. The sandbodies of oil-rich zones in the eastern and western areas have large thickness, low shale content, good physical properties, weak heterogeneity, few argillaceous laminae and abundant fractures, all of which are favorable for the vertical migration and accumulation of oil and gas. In contrast, in the middle area with converging provenances, the reservoirs, composed of thin sandbodies, features rapid variation in lithology and physical properties, strong heterogeneity, poor continuity of sandbodies, abundant argillaceous laminae between source rock and reservoir, and few fractures, makes it difficult for the oil and gas to migrate vertically, and results in low oil enrichment degree ultimately. For the exploration of continental multiple-provenance tight reservoirs, not only the good-property source rocks and reservoirs, but more importantly the source-reservoir contact relationship and the effect of fractures on the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation should be considered.

Formation patterns of Chang 9 oil reservoir in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on analysis of main controlling factors of Chang 9, the source rock, driving force of migration, migration and accumulation modes, reservoir forming stages and model and enrichment law of Chang 9 reservoir were examined. The study showed that the oil of Chang 9 reservoir in the Jiyuan and Longdong(Eastern Gansu) areas came primarily from the source rock of Chang 7 Member, but the oil of Chang 9 reservoir in the Zhidan area came primarily from the source rock of Chang 9 Member. There developed lithologic-structural oil reservoirs in Gufengzhuang-Mahuangshan area in northwest Jiyuan, structural-lithologic oil reservoirs in east Jiyuan, and lithologic reservoirs in Huachi–Qingcheng area and Zhidan area. The overpressure of Chang 7 Member was the driving force of oil migration. The burial history showed that Chang 9 Member experienced two stages of reservoir forming, the reservoir formed in the Late Jurassic was smaller in charging scope and scale, and the Early Cretaceous was the period when the source rock generated oil and gas massively and the Chang 9 reservoir came into being. Along with the tectonic movements, Chang 7 bottom structure turned from high in the west and lower in the East in the sedimentary stage to high in the east and lower in the west in the hydrocarbon accumulation stage and at last to gentle western-leaning monoclinal structure at present. In Early Cretaceous, the Chang 7 bottom structure was the lowest in the west of Huanxian-Huachi-Wuqi-Dingbian areas, so the oil migrated laterally towards the higher positions around after entering the reservoir. In the main reservoir forming period, Chang 7 bottom had an ancient anticline in Mahuangshan-Hongjingzi area of west Jiyuan, controlling the oil reservoir distribution in west Jiyuan.

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组盐下天然气成因类型及来源

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系天然气资源丰富,随着深层天然气勘探的进一步深入,在奥陶系盐下地层也相继发现了可观的天然气资源,但盐下天然气的成因类型及来源仍有较大争议。基于天然气的组分、稳定碳同位素等资料,结合实际地质背景,对鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组盐下天然气成因类型及来源进行了系统的分析。研究表明:鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组盐下天然气以干气为主,非烃含量较低,甲烷碳同位素(δ^(13)C_(1))值主频分布在-40‰~-32‰之间,乙烷碳同位素(δ^(13)C_(2))值主频分布在-40‰~-28‰之间,主要表现为腐泥型气特征。综合天然气组分、碳同位素与平面分布特征,将奥陶系盐下天然气细分为油型气、煤型气和混合气,其中油型气分布范围较广,来源于奥陶系马家沟组盐下碳酸盐岩烃源岩,部分天然气发生TSR反应;煤型气和混合气分布范围小,集中在靠近盐下地层尖灭线边缘部位,主要来源于上古生界烃源岩,奥陶系烃源岩也有少量贡献。