玉米染色体滴片关键技术及其优化

探讨优化玉米染色体滴片关键因子处理效果,寻求一种操作简单、染色体分散度和完整性好,并且适于玉米染色体分离操作的制片方法。本研究以玉米自交系B73根尖为材料,在单因素试验的基础上采用四因素二次回归正交组合设计,分析玉米滴片技术中4个关键因子的处理效果。结果表明,N_2O处理时间、冰乙酸固定时间、酶解时间和滴片距离对染色体滴片效果均存在最佳处理效应。基于二次回归方程的统计方法得到了符合实际的优化的染色体滴片技术方案,即采用N_2O处理时间2.0 h、冰乙酸固定时间2.0 h、酶解时间6.0 h和滴片距离35.0 cm。由此方案制作了高质量的玉米染色体制片,保证了细胞中染色体的分散性和完整性。

玉米自交系响应高温、干旱胁迫的关键基因及通路

以4个不同的玉米自交系为材料,对高温、干旱处理后的苗期植株进行转录组测序。玉米自交系响应高温和干旱胁迫的差异表达基因(DEGs)分别为6966和6272个,在高温和干旱胁迫下4个玉米自交系相同的DEGs分别是705和871个。同时响应高温和干旱的DEGs有100个。在耐旱、耐热性强的玉米自交系中鉴定出18个特异的DEGs,其中锌指转录因子、WRKY转录因子、GT转录因子和B2热激转录因子在胁迫响应中发挥关键的调控作用。KEGG通路分析结果表明,耐旱、耐热性强玉米自交响应高温干旱胁迫的DEGs富集在生物学过程、分子功能、代谢过程、遍在蛋白代谢和氮代谢途径5条通路。热带、亚热带玉米种质的耐旱、耐热性强于温带玉米种质,可在热带、亚热带玉米种质中有效筛选耐旱、耐热基因。

The Effects of Low Phosphorus Stress on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Maize (Zea mays L.) Landraces

A field trial was conducted to investigate main morphological and physiological changes of different maize landraces to low-P stress at the stage of seedling. P-deficiency significantly decreased root volume, total leaf area, and plant dry weight, but greatly increased density of root hairs and root top ratio. In addition, P-deficiency induced the significant enhancement of phosphorus utilization efficiency and the amount of proline, malondialdehye （MDA）, acid phosphatase （APase）, peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD）, but the significant reduction of P uptake and soluable protein content. Since P-deficiency had smaller effects on the P-tolerant maize landraces DP-44, DP-32 and DP-33 as compared with P-sensitive landraces DP-29 and DP-24, it was demonstrated that differences of tolerance to P-deficiency existed among different maize landraces. The results based on the correlation analysis showed that the economic yield of maize landraces had relationships with their morphological and physiological characteristics under P-deficiency.

Constructing a Core Collection for Maize (Zea mays L.) Landrace from Wuling Mountain Region in China

Based on the genetic clustering from 42 microsatellite （SSR） markers with a combination of their geographic origin and germplasm characteristics, 124 maize landraces from Wuling Mountain region in China were used for constructing a core collection. Four evaluating parameters for maize landrace core collection, including mean difference percentage （MD）, variance difference percentage （VD）, coincidence rate of range （CR）, and variable rate of coefficient of variation （VR）, were assessed With 20 quantitative traits. It was shown that genetic relationships among landraces in Wuling Mountain region had the tendency to associate with their geographic origins. The 124 landraces were clustered into 18 subgroups when the coefficient of genetic similarity （GS） is 0.28. Eighteen landraces, each of which was from one subgroup, were applied to construct the core collection with a sampling percentage of 15%. Comparison of the initial and core collection indicated that there existed no significant differences in most quantitative traits. An average of 6.3 and 6.5 alleles were detected in the initial and core collection, respectively. Mean polymorphism information content in the core collection （0.75） was higher than that in the initial one （0.72）. MD was lesser than 20% and CR was more than 80%. The results showed that the sampling strategy would be feasible for constructing the core collection that well represents the genetic diversity of the initial one.

A Comparative Analysis of B Chromosomes and Genetic Diversity in Maize (Zea mays L.) Landraces from Southwest China

The number of B chromosomes （Bs） in 54 maize landraces from Southwest China was tested by means of cytological observations. Nine landraces with Bs were observed. A map, showing the geographic distribution of the landraces with Bs, was plotted. It was found that southeastern Sichuan Province in China was the main distribution area of the landraces with Bs in Southwest China. In order to obtain information on relationships between Bs and genetic variation, genetic diversity both among and within 11 landraces was evaluated. For each SSR marker, the number of alleles ranged from 3 to 12 with an average of 7.86, which revealed a high level of genetic diversity among maize landraces in Southwest China. Based on SSRs data, higher genetic variation was found in the landraces with 2B, and the genetic distance between the landraces with and without Bs was higher. The results together with the principal component analysis （PCA） supported the hypothesis that maize landraces in Southwest China were first introduced to the middle part of southwest Sichuan, China. At the same time, the effect of Bs on genetic variation was discussed.

玉米自交系耐热生理指标筛选研究

以10份具有耐热性差异的玉米自交系为材料,在田间采用高温胁迫试验,室内检测玉米自交系的主要生理指标,探讨高温胁迫下玉米自交系的主要生物学特性及其耐热胁迫的生理指标筛选。结果表明,高温胁迫下,具有不同耐热性玉米自交系的丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量和花粉粒活性差异较大,部分耐热性不同的玉米自交系间差异显著。6个叶绿素荧光参数Fm’、Fo’、Fm、Fo、Fm’/Fv’和Fm/Fv的大小能大致反映10个玉米自交系的耐热性差异。结果表明,花粉粒活性、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量及叶绿素荧光参数可作为玉米耐热种质的筛选指标。

干旱胁迫下热带和温带玉米种质的生理及转录组分析

通过分析热带和温带玉米自交系干旱胁迫下的苗期生理和转录组数据,阐明不同玉米种质对干旱胁迫的生理和分子响应机制。结果表明,干旱胁迫下4个自交系的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量上升,叶绿素含量和4个叶绿素荧光参数值(F_(v)/F_(o)、F_(v)/F_(m)、Φ_(PSII)和Q_(P))下降,温带玉米自交系较热带自交系的变化幅度更大。4个自交系在对照(CK)和干旱处理条件下的过滤后序列数(Clean reads)变幅为44560000~52580000条,4个自交系干旱胁迫下共有20126个差异表达基因(DEGs),21个基因本体项(GO terms)的相关基因高度富集。此外,热带和温带玉米自交系对干旱存在生理和分子响应差异,热带玉米种质的耐旱性高于温带玉米种质,可在热带种质中筛选耐旱玉米种质。

玉米矮秆突变体Hii-015的鉴定及主要性状配合力分析

以新的玉米矮秆突变体Hii-015、野生型W015和16个玉米自交系为材料,分析矮秆突变体Hii-015的表型特征、遗传方式和主要性状的配合力,探讨玉米矮秆基因的发掘与利用。结果表明,细胞长度缩短导致突变体Hii-015植株矮化,突变体Hii-015除植株矮化外,其经济性状与野生型W015比无明显变化;单隐性基因控制突变体Hii-015的矮秆突变性状,突变体Hii-015是能稳定遗传的矮生型;矮秆突变体Hii-015的株高、穗位高、节间长度和节间数的一般配合力呈现最大的负效应,主要经济性状行粒数、百粒重和单株产量的一般配合力呈现正效应。突变体Hii-015是优良的玉米矮秆育种材料。