美国是世界上最早建立国家公园管理机构的国家之一,1916年。美国国家公园服务局(National Park Service—NPS)成立,至今已逾百年。NPS为美国自然景观、自然资源、野生动物、历史文化资源的保护提供了重要的机构支撑,也为游客体验非凡的...美国是世界上最早建立国家公园管理机构的国家之一,1916年。美国国家公园服务局(National Park Service—NPS)成立,至今已逾百年。NPS为美国自然景观、自然资源、野生动物、历史文化资源的保护提供了重要的机构支撑,也为游客体验非凡的自然、历史和文化之美提供了便利。NPS隶属于美国内政部,其机构设置采取总局-(分)局(或地区办公室)-司(中心或办公室)-处四级管理体系,分局按照国会和对外关系、运营、行政管理三部分设置,目前共有23个,包括7个区域办公室,分局下设120余个司(中心或办公室)。总体来看NPS机构完善、权责明确、协调有力,较好地平衡了国家公园中保护与利用的关系,管理效果显著,其设置特点和成功经验值得我国深入借鉴学习。展开更多
China has adopted a long-term campaign against poverty. In recent decades, there is an increasing understanding that ecological poverty alleviation can meet the dual goals of environmental protection and rural poverty...China has adopted a long-term campaign against poverty. In recent decades, there is an increasing understanding that ecological poverty alleviation can meet the dual goals of environmental protection and rural poverty reduction. China is pivoting towards forestry-based poverty reduction in the severely poverty-stricken areas. However, several key factors remain elusive, including the extent to which the poor people benefit from forestry programs, whether they are satisfied with the policies and whether the policies are effective for poverty alleviation. Based on data collected through a questionnaire survey of 79 households in the prefectures of Nujiang and Aba, southwestern China, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) approach was used to examine the effectiveness of the forestry-based poverty alleviation policy. The results showed that four poverty alleviation pathways, including industry, employment, micro-finance and pairing assistance in villages, had obviously increased the incomes of the filing poor households and solved the problem of "Two Worries-free and Three Guarantees". The poor were satisfied with the forestry-based ecological poverty alleviation policies and these policies had good effects in fighting against poverty. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as a lack of active participation, imperfect targeted identification, lack of funds and limited sources of funds during the policy implementation. Our results highlight the importance of the forestry industry and the public welfare position in the alleviation of poverty in the poverty-stricken areas. Synergies between ecological protection and poverty reduction are possible through sound forestry-based policies. This article recommends five policies to simultaneously realize the potential of poverty alleviation and environment protection through forestry development.展开更多
文摘美国是世界上最早建立国家公园管理机构的国家之一,1916年。美国国家公园服务局(National Park Service—NPS)成立,至今已逾百年。NPS为美国自然景观、自然资源、野生动物、历史文化资源的保护提供了重要的机构支撑,也为游客体验非凡的自然、历史和文化之美提供了便利。NPS隶属于美国内政部,其机构设置采取总局-(分)局(或地区办公室)-司(中心或办公室)-处四级管理体系,分局按照国会和对外关系、运营、行政管理三部分设置,目前共有23个,包括7个区域办公室,分局下设120余个司(中心或办公室)。总体来看NPS机构完善、权责明确、协调有力,较好地平衡了国家公园中保护与利用的关系,管理效果显著,其设置特点和成功经验值得我国深入借鉴学习。
基金The Economic Development Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Project (JYC2018-101)。
文摘China has adopted a long-term campaign against poverty. In recent decades, there is an increasing understanding that ecological poverty alleviation can meet the dual goals of environmental protection and rural poverty reduction. China is pivoting towards forestry-based poverty reduction in the severely poverty-stricken areas. However, several key factors remain elusive, including the extent to which the poor people benefit from forestry programs, whether they are satisfied with the policies and whether the policies are effective for poverty alleviation. Based on data collected through a questionnaire survey of 79 households in the prefectures of Nujiang and Aba, southwestern China, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) approach was used to examine the effectiveness of the forestry-based poverty alleviation policy. The results showed that four poverty alleviation pathways, including industry, employment, micro-finance and pairing assistance in villages, had obviously increased the incomes of the filing poor households and solved the problem of "Two Worries-free and Three Guarantees". The poor were satisfied with the forestry-based ecological poverty alleviation policies and these policies had good effects in fighting against poverty. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as a lack of active participation, imperfect targeted identification, lack of funds and limited sources of funds during the policy implementation. Our results highlight the importance of the forestry industry and the public welfare position in the alleviation of poverty in the poverty-stricken areas. Synergies between ecological protection and poverty reduction are possible through sound forestry-based policies. This article recommends five policies to simultaneously realize the potential of poverty alleviation and environment protection through forestry development.
