研究绿肥还田利用方式对玉米干物质积累分配规律及产量的影响,对优化区域玉米种植制度具有重要意义。2020—2021年在甘肃内陆河绿洲灌区进行田间试验,研究了绿肥全量翻压(tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in t...研究绿肥还田利用方式对玉米干物质积累分配规律及产量的影响,对优化区域玉米种植制度具有重要意义。2020—2021年在甘肃内陆河绿洲灌区进行田间试验,研究了绿肥全量翻压(tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil,TG)、绿肥地表覆盖免耕(no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface,NTG)、绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压(tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed,T)、绿肥地上部移除免耕(no-tillage with above ground manure removed,NT)和传统翻耕、休闲(conventional tillage and leisure,CT)5个处理对玉米干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,NTG和TG处理具有明显的干物质积累优势,在完熟期二者地上部干物质积累量分别较CT处理显著提高20.2%和17.7%,较T处理显著提高20.2%和7.3%,较NT处理显著提高15.7%和13.0%;同时NTG和TG处理促进了干物质向穗部的分配,分别较CT处理显著提高10.3%和9.0%;通过Logistic方程拟合发现,NTG、TG处理的玉米干物质最大增长速率(Vmax)和平均增长速率(Vmean)分别较CT处理显著提高36.6%、24.8%和20.2%、17.7%;且NTG和TG处理增产效果显著,分别较CT处理增产24.9%和25.7%,增产主要归因于穗粒数的提高。因此,绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理有利于促进玉米干物质积累与分配,提高产量,其中绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理效果突出,可作为该区推荐的绿肥还田利用方式。展开更多
针对西北干旱绿洲灌区麦后休闲期长,水分蒸发量大、水资源利用率不高等问题,研究了绿肥不同还田方式对玉米根系性状和水分利用效率的影响及其相互关系,以期为构建区域水资源高效利用种植模式提供理论依据和技术支撑。2020至2021年基于...针对西北干旱绿洲灌区麦后休闲期长,水分蒸发量大、水资源利用率不高等问题,研究了绿肥不同还田方式对玉米根系性状和水分利用效率的影响及其相互关系,以期为构建区域水资源高效利用种植模式提供理论依据和技术支撑。2020至2021年基于田间定位试验,研究了绿肥全量翻压(tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil, TG),绿肥地表覆盖免耕(no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface, NTG),绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压(tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed, T),绿肥地上部移除免耕(no-tillage with above ground manure removed, NT)和传统翻耕、休闲(conventional tillage and leisure, CT) 5个处理对轮作玉米土壤贮水量、玉米根系性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了0~110 cm土层土壤贮水量;与CT相比, NTG和TG的全生育期平均土壤贮水量分别提高14.0%~15.0%和8.8%~12.0%。绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了玉米根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重;与CT相比,NTG和TG的根长分别提高20.7%~26.0%和19.9%~28.5%;根表面积分别提高43.0%~52.9%和41.3%~58.7%;根体积分别提高45.7%~46.7%和40.6%~46.7%;根干重分别提高48.0%~51.5%和41.9%~50.2%。绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率;与CT相比,NTG和TG的籽粒产量分别提高15.4%~34.3%和19.1%~32.0%, NTG和TG的水分利用效率分别提高19.5%~39.2%和20.5%~34.8%。玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期和吐丝期的根长、根表面积与土壤贮水量均呈显著正相关,根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重与水分利用效率均呈显著正相关。因此,在干旱绿洲灌区绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理有利于改善土壤水分条件,优化玉米根系生长,从而提高产量和水分利用效率;其中,绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理效果突出,可作为该区适宜的绿肥还田方式。展开更多
针对甘肃河西绿洲灌区小麦生产中产量提高受限、氮素利用率低等问题,分析绿肥还田配施化学氮肥对小麦产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响,为优化小麦施氮制度提供理论依据。2021至2022年,在河西绿洲灌区开展小麦复种毛叶苕子田间试验,以传统...针对甘肃河西绿洲灌区小麦生产中产量提高受限、氮素利用率低等问题,分析绿肥还田配施化学氮肥对小麦产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响,为优化小麦施氮制度提供理论依据。2021至2022年,在河西绿洲灌区开展小麦复种毛叶苕子田间试验,以传统施氮不复种绿肥为对照(G0N1),设置:不施氮不复种绿肥(G0N0);绿肥7500 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量15%(G1N2);绿肥15,000 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量15%(G2N2);绿肥22,500 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量15%(G3N2);绿肥30,000 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量15%(G4N2);绿肥7500 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量30%(G1N3);绿肥15,000 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量30%(G2N3);绿肥22,500 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量30%(G3N3);绿肥30,000 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量30%(G4N3),分析了绿肥还田量和化学氮肥减量的组合效应对小麦氮素吸收积累及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,绿肥还田30,000 kg hm^(–2)配合化学氮肥减量15%(G4N2)在提高作物产量的同时促进了氮素高效利用。与G0N1相比,G4N2处理籽粒产量和氮素利用效率分别提高8.2%、45.4%(P<0.05)。G4N2较G2N2、G4N3、G3N3籽粒产量分别提高25.6%、19.1%和15.5%,氮素利用效率分别提高28.9%、8.4%和24.3%,G1N2、G1N3与G0N1无显著差异。G4N2处理较G0N1收获指数、氮肥偏生产力及氮素收获指数分别提高36.8%、43.8%、33.9%(P<0.05),较G3N2、G2N2、G4N3、G3N3分别平均提高15.0%-26.3%、9.6%-29.2%和5.6%-11.2%。小麦开花期和成熟期,G4N2处理地上部氮素积累量较其他处理平均提高22.5%、13.9%,氮素营养指数较其他处理平均提高38.1%、37.4%(P<0.05)。同时,与G0N1相比,G4N2处理茎和叶的氮素转运量平均提高35.8%、20.4%,氮素转运率平均提高26.6%、23.3%,氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率平均提高29.1%、25.7%(P<0.05)。综上所述,河西绿洲灌区绿肥还田30,000 kg hm^(–2)配合化学氮肥减量15%相比传统施氮不复种绿肥能够有效协调小麦地上部氮素的积累及向籽粒的转运,提高氮素利用效率,促进小麦增产。展开更多
Straw returning to the field is a technical measure of crop production widely adopted in arid areas. It is unknown whether crop yield can be further increased by improving the eco-physiological characteristics when st...Straw returning to the field is a technical measure of crop production widely adopted in arid areas. It is unknown whether crop yield can be further increased by improving the eco-physiological characteristics when straw returning is applied in the crop production system. So, a three-year field experiment was conducted with various straw returning treatments for wheat production:(i) no-tillage with straw mulching(NTSM),(ii) no-tillage with straw standing(NTSS),(iii) conventional tillage with straw incorporation(CTS), and(iv) conventional tillage with no straw returning(CT, control). The eco-physiological and yield formation indicators were investigated to provide the basis for selecting the appropriate straw returning method to increase wheat yield and clarifying its regulation mechanism on eco-physiology. The results showed that NTSM and NTSS treatments had better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics and had a higher yield increase than CTS and CT. Meanwhile, NTSM had a relatively higher yield than NTSS through better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics. Compared to CT, the leaf area index of NTSM was decreased by 6.1–7.6% before the Feekes 10.0 stage of wheat, but that of NTSM was increased by 38.9–45.1% after the Feekes 10.0 stage. NTSM effectively regulated the dynamics of the photosynthetic source of green leaves during the wheat growth period. NTSM improved net photosynthetic rate by 10.2–21.4% and 11.0–21.6%, raised transpiration rate by 4.4–10.0% and 5.3–6.1%, increased leaf water use efficiency by 5.6–10.4% and 5.4–14.6%, at Feekes 11.0 and 11.2 stages of wheat, compared to CT, respectively. NTSM had higher leaf water potential(LWP) by 7.5–12.0% and soil water potential(SWP) by 8.9–24.0% from Feekes 10.3 to 11.2 stages of wheat than CT. Meanwhile, the absolute value of difference on LWP and SWP with NTSM was less than that with CT, indicating that NTSM was conducive to holding the stability of water demand for wheat plants and water supply of soil at arid conditions. Thus, NTSM had a greater grain yield of wheat by 18.6–27.3% than CT, and the high yield was attributed to the synchronous increase and cooperative development of ear number, grain number per ear, and 1 000-grain weight. NTSM had a positive effect on regulating the eco-physiological characteristics and can be recommended to enhance wheat grain yield in arid conditions.展开更多
Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was con...Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was conducted from 2006 through 2008 in arid northwestern China to determine the effects of four tillage systems on soil properties, root development, water-use efficiency, and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The cultivar Fan 13 was grown under four tillage systems:conventional tillage (CT) without wheat stubble, no-tillage without wheat stubble mulching (NT), no-tillage with wheat stubble standing (NTSS), and no-tillage with wheat stubble mulching (NTS). The soil bulk density (BD) under CT system increased gradually from sowing to harvest, but that in NT, NTSS, and NTS systems had little change. Compared to the CT system, the NTSS and NTS systems improved total soil water storage (0-150 cm) by 6.1-9.6 and 10.5- 15.3% before sowing, and by 2.2-8.9 and 13.0-15.1% after harvest, respectively. The NTSS and NTS systems also increased mean dry root weight density (DRWD) as compared to CT system. The NTS system significantly improved water-use efficiency by 17.2-17.5% and crop yield by 15.6-16.8%, and the NTSS system improved that by 7.8-9.6 and 7.0-12.8%, respectively, compared with the CT system. Our results suggested that Chinese farmers should consider adopting conservation tillage practices in arid northwestern China because of benefits to soil bulk density, water storage, root system, and winter wheat yield.展开更多
文摘研究绿肥还田利用方式对玉米干物质积累分配规律及产量的影响,对优化区域玉米种植制度具有重要意义。2020—2021年在甘肃内陆河绿洲灌区进行田间试验,研究了绿肥全量翻压(tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil,TG)、绿肥地表覆盖免耕(no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface,NTG)、绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压(tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed,T)、绿肥地上部移除免耕(no-tillage with above ground manure removed,NT)和传统翻耕、休闲(conventional tillage and leisure,CT)5个处理对玉米干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,NTG和TG处理具有明显的干物质积累优势,在完熟期二者地上部干物质积累量分别较CT处理显著提高20.2%和17.7%,较T处理显著提高20.2%和7.3%,较NT处理显著提高15.7%和13.0%;同时NTG和TG处理促进了干物质向穗部的分配,分别较CT处理显著提高10.3%和9.0%;通过Logistic方程拟合发现,NTG、TG处理的玉米干物质最大增长速率(Vmax)和平均增长速率(Vmean)分别较CT处理显著提高36.6%、24.8%和20.2%、17.7%;且NTG和TG处理增产效果显著,分别较CT处理增产24.9%和25.7%,增产主要归因于穗粒数的提高。因此,绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理有利于促进玉米干物质积累与分配,提高产量,其中绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理效果突出,可作为该区推荐的绿肥还田利用方式。
文摘针对西北干旱绿洲灌区麦后休闲期长,水分蒸发量大、水资源利用率不高等问题,研究了绿肥不同还田方式对玉米根系性状和水分利用效率的影响及其相互关系,以期为构建区域水资源高效利用种植模式提供理论依据和技术支撑。2020至2021年基于田间定位试验,研究了绿肥全量翻压(tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil, TG),绿肥地表覆盖免耕(no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface, NTG),绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压(tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed, T),绿肥地上部移除免耕(no-tillage with above ground manure removed, NT)和传统翻耕、休闲(conventional tillage and leisure, CT) 5个处理对轮作玉米土壤贮水量、玉米根系性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了0~110 cm土层土壤贮水量;与CT相比, NTG和TG的全生育期平均土壤贮水量分别提高14.0%~15.0%和8.8%~12.0%。绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了玉米根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重;与CT相比,NTG和TG的根长分别提高20.7%~26.0%和19.9%~28.5%;根表面积分别提高43.0%~52.9%和41.3%~58.7%;根体积分别提高45.7%~46.7%和40.6%~46.7%;根干重分别提高48.0%~51.5%和41.9%~50.2%。绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率;与CT相比,NTG和TG的籽粒产量分别提高15.4%~34.3%和19.1%~32.0%, NTG和TG的水分利用效率分别提高19.5%~39.2%和20.5%~34.8%。玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期和吐丝期的根长、根表面积与土壤贮水量均呈显著正相关,根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重与水分利用效率均呈显著正相关。因此,在干旱绿洲灌区绿肥地表覆盖免耕和绿肥全量翻压处理有利于改善土壤水分条件,优化玉米根系生长,从而提高产量和水分利用效率;其中,绿肥地表覆盖免耕处理效果突出,可作为该区适宜的绿肥还田方式。
文摘针对甘肃河西绿洲灌区小麦生产中产量提高受限、氮素利用率低等问题,分析绿肥还田配施化学氮肥对小麦产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响,为优化小麦施氮制度提供理论依据。2021至2022年,在河西绿洲灌区开展小麦复种毛叶苕子田间试验,以传统施氮不复种绿肥为对照(G0N1),设置:不施氮不复种绿肥(G0N0);绿肥7500 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量15%(G1N2);绿肥15,000 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量15%(G2N2);绿肥22,500 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量15%(G3N2);绿肥30,000 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量15%(G4N2);绿肥7500 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量30%(G1N3);绿肥15,000 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量30%(G2N3);绿肥22,500 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量30%(G3N3);绿肥30,000 kg hm^(–2)+氮肥减量30%(G4N3),分析了绿肥还田量和化学氮肥减量的组合效应对小麦氮素吸收积累及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,绿肥还田30,000 kg hm^(–2)配合化学氮肥减量15%(G4N2)在提高作物产量的同时促进了氮素高效利用。与G0N1相比,G4N2处理籽粒产量和氮素利用效率分别提高8.2%、45.4%(P<0.05)。G4N2较G2N2、G4N3、G3N3籽粒产量分别提高25.6%、19.1%和15.5%,氮素利用效率分别提高28.9%、8.4%和24.3%,G1N2、G1N3与G0N1无显著差异。G4N2处理较G0N1收获指数、氮肥偏生产力及氮素收获指数分别提高36.8%、43.8%、33.9%(P<0.05),较G3N2、G2N2、G4N3、G3N3分别平均提高15.0%-26.3%、9.6%-29.2%和5.6%-11.2%。小麦开花期和成熟期,G4N2处理地上部氮素积累量较其他处理平均提高22.5%、13.9%,氮素营养指数较其他处理平均提高38.1%、37.4%(P<0.05)。同时,与G0N1相比,G4N2处理茎和叶的氮素转运量平均提高35.8%、20.4%,氮素转运率平均提高26.6%、23.3%,氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率平均提高29.1%、25.7%(P<0.05)。综上所述,河西绿洲灌区绿肥还田30,000 kg hm^(–2)配合化学氮肥减量15%相比传统施氮不复种绿肥能够有效协调小麦地上部氮素的积累及向籽粒的转运,提高氮素利用效率,促进小麦增产。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101857, 32372238, and U21A20218)the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University, China (Gaufx-03Y10)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province, China (23JRRA1407)the ‘Double First-Class’ Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department in Gansu Province, China (GSSYLXM-02)。
文摘Straw returning to the field is a technical measure of crop production widely adopted in arid areas. It is unknown whether crop yield can be further increased by improving the eco-physiological characteristics when straw returning is applied in the crop production system. So, a three-year field experiment was conducted with various straw returning treatments for wheat production:(i) no-tillage with straw mulching(NTSM),(ii) no-tillage with straw standing(NTSS),(iii) conventional tillage with straw incorporation(CTS), and(iv) conventional tillage with no straw returning(CT, control). The eco-physiological and yield formation indicators were investigated to provide the basis for selecting the appropriate straw returning method to increase wheat yield and clarifying its regulation mechanism on eco-physiology. The results showed that NTSM and NTSS treatments had better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics and had a higher yield increase than CTS and CT. Meanwhile, NTSM had a relatively higher yield than NTSS through better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics. Compared to CT, the leaf area index of NTSM was decreased by 6.1–7.6% before the Feekes 10.0 stage of wheat, but that of NTSM was increased by 38.9–45.1% after the Feekes 10.0 stage. NTSM effectively regulated the dynamics of the photosynthetic source of green leaves during the wheat growth period. NTSM improved net photosynthetic rate by 10.2–21.4% and 11.0–21.6%, raised transpiration rate by 4.4–10.0% and 5.3–6.1%, increased leaf water use efficiency by 5.6–10.4% and 5.4–14.6%, at Feekes 11.0 and 11.2 stages of wheat, compared to CT, respectively. NTSM had higher leaf water potential(LWP) by 7.5–12.0% and soil water potential(SWP) by 8.9–24.0% from Feekes 10.3 to 11.2 stages of wheat than CT. Meanwhile, the absolute value of difference on LWP and SWP with NTSM was less than that with CT, indicating that NTSM was conducive to holding the stability of water demand for wheat plants and water supply of soil at arid conditions. Thus, NTSM had a greater grain yield of wheat by 18.6–27.3% than CT, and the high yield was attributed to the synchronous increase and cooperative development of ear number, grain number per ear, and 1 000-grain weight. NTSM had a positive effect on regulating the eco-physiological characteristics and can be recommended to enhance wheat grain yield in arid conditions.
文摘前茬地膜玉米免耕种植后茬小麦水氮高效利用生产技术是绿洲灌区作物高效生产的新型农田管理技术。为构建该区地膜减量和水氮高效生产技术, 2015—2017年通过3年田间试验,研究两种耕作方式、2种灌水水平和3个施氮量组合对小麦干物质积累和产量及产量构成的协同效应,其中耕作方式为覆膜玉米茬免耕直播(NT)和玉米茬传统耕作(CT),灌水量为传统灌水(I2)和传统灌水减量20%(I1),施氮量为纯N 225 kg hm–2(N3)、180kghm–2(N2)和135kghm–2(N1)。结果表明,耕作方式、灌水水平、施氮量对小麦群体生长速率、干物质积累量均有显著影响。与CT相比,NT显著增大全生育期生长速率,提高22.0%~28.0%,NT促进小麦地上干物质积累,提高6.4%~7.4%,收获期生物产量提高5.4%~15.1%。免耕低灌(NTI1)较传统耕作高灌(CTI2)的生长速率增大7.7%~13.4%,干物质积累量提高3.1%~5.9%,收获期生物产量提高8.7%~10.5%。免耕低灌中施氮(NTI1N2)较传统耕作高灌中、高施氮(CTI2N2、CTI2N3)生长速率分别增大6.9%~20.5%与4.1%~14.0%,收获期生物产量分别提高7.8%~9.7%与4.8%~10.2%。NT比CT增产10.1%~10.4%,NTI1较CTI2、CTI1分别增产13.0%~14.8%与9.4%~10.1%,NTI1N2比CTI2N2、CTI2N3分别增产3.7%~9.8%与15.2%~22.0%。从产量构成因素分析,NTI1N2提高了单位面积成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,NTI1N2处理组合更有利于穗数、千粒重的增加。通径分析进一步证明,NTI1N2增产的主要原因是增加了单位面积穗数和千粒重。因此,在施氮量为180kghm–2的基础上,玉米茬地膜再利用免耕技术组装减少20%灌溉量(1920m3hm-2)轮作小麦模式是河西灌区小麦高效生产的可行措施。
基金funded by the Ph D Programs Foundation, Ministry of Education, China(20106202110002)the National Public Welfare Foundation for Industry Scheme of China (201103001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (201131160265)
文摘Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was conducted from 2006 through 2008 in arid northwestern China to determine the effects of four tillage systems on soil properties, root development, water-use efficiency, and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The cultivar Fan 13 was grown under four tillage systems:conventional tillage (CT) without wheat stubble, no-tillage without wheat stubble mulching (NT), no-tillage with wheat stubble standing (NTSS), and no-tillage with wheat stubble mulching (NTS). The soil bulk density (BD) under CT system increased gradually from sowing to harvest, but that in NT, NTSS, and NTS systems had little change. Compared to the CT system, the NTSS and NTS systems improved total soil water storage (0-150 cm) by 6.1-9.6 and 10.5- 15.3% before sowing, and by 2.2-8.9 and 13.0-15.1% after harvest, respectively. The NTSS and NTS systems also increased mean dry root weight density (DRWD) as compared to CT system. The NTS system significantly improved water-use efficiency by 17.2-17.5% and crop yield by 15.6-16.8%, and the NTSS system improved that by 7.8-9.6 and 7.0-12.8%, respectively, compared with the CT system. Our results suggested that Chinese farmers should consider adopting conservation tillage practices in arid northwestern China because of benefits to soil bulk density, water storage, root system, and winter wheat yield.