Land surface temperature(LST) directly affects the energy balance of terrestrial surface systems and impacts regional resources, ecosystem evolution, and ecosystem structures. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is locat...Land surface temperature(LST) directly affects the energy balance of terrestrial surface systems and impacts regional resources, ecosystem evolution, and ecosystem structures. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is located at the arid Northwest China and is extremely sensitive to climate change. There is an urgent need to understand the distribution patterns of LST in this area and quantitatively measure the nature and intensity of the impacts of the major driving factors from a spatial perspective, as well as elucidate the formation mechanisms. In this study, we used the MOD11C3 LST product developed on the basis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) to conduct regression analysis and determine the spatiotemporal variation and differentiation pattern of LST in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020. We analyzed the driving mechanisms of spatial heterogeneity of LST in Xinjiang and the six geomorphic zones(the Altay Mountains, Junggar Basin, Tianshan Mountains, Tarim Basin, Turpan-Hami(Tuha) Basin, and Pakakuna Mountain Group) using geographical detector(Geodetector) and geographically weighted regression(GWR) models. The warming rate of LST in Xinjiang during the study period was 0.24℃/10a, and the spatial distribution pattern of LST had obvious topographic imprints, with 87.20% of the warming zone located in the Gobi desert and areas with frequent human activities, and the cooling zone mainly located in the mountainous areas. The seasonal LST in Xinjiang was at a cooling rate of 0.09℃/10a in autumn, and showed a warming trend in other seasons. Digital elevation model(DEM), latitude, wind speed, precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), and sunshine duration in the single-factor and interactive detections were the key factors driving the LST changes. The direction and intensity of each major driving factor on the spatial variations of LST in the study area were heterogeneous. The negative feedback effect of DEM on the spatial differentiation of LST was the strongest. Lower latitudes, lower vegetation coverage, lower levels of precipitation, and longer sunshine duration increased LST. Unused land was the main heat source landscape, water body was the most important heat sink landscape, grassland and forest land were the land use and land cover(LULC) types with the most prominent heat sink effect, and there were significant differences in different geomorphic zones due to the influences of their vegetation types, climatic conditions, soil types, and human activities. The findings will help to facilitate sustainable climate change management, analyze local climate and environmental patterns, and improve land management strategies in Xinjiang and other arid areas.展开更多
冰川反照率影响着冰川表面能量收支状况,其强烈的反馈机制是驱动冰川物质平衡变化的关键因素。本文基于MOD10A1和MYD10A1反照率产品、萨吾尔山冰川物质平衡大地测量法结果、木斯岛冰川实测反照率及物质平衡,开展了2000—2022年萨吾尔山...冰川反照率影响着冰川表面能量收支状况,其强烈的反馈机制是驱动冰川物质平衡变化的关键因素。本文基于MOD10A1和MYD10A1反照率产品、萨吾尔山冰川物质平衡大地测量法结果、木斯岛冰川实测反照率及物质平衡,开展了2000—2022年萨吾尔山冰川反照率变化及物质平衡估算研究。结果表明,2000—2022年,消融期内萨吾尔山冰川平均反照率下降了约0.035,变化速率约为0.0015 a^(-1)。最小反照率最早出现时间为6月16日,最晚出现时间为9月8日,平均以10 d·(10a)^(-1)的速率提前。在95%的置信水平下,木斯岛冰川反照率-物质平衡模型(A-Ms模型,即单条冰川模型)的决定系数R^(2)为0.84。基于冰川编目及现场环境考察,将萨吾尔山冰川划分为冰斗冰川、山谷冰川和悬冰川,对应类型的A-Mr模型(区域冰川模型)的决定系数R^(2)分别为0.81、0.74和0.72。2000—2020年,A-Ms模型重建萨吾尔山冰川物质平衡值为-1.24 m w.e.·a^(-1),A-Mr模型相应的重建值为-0.90 m w.e.·a^(-1),A-Mr模型模拟结果更能反映萨吾尔山冰川的物质损失状况。与亚洲高山区各山地冰川相比,萨吾尔山冰川物质损失最大。展开更多
表碛覆盖型冰川在我国西部分布广泛,由于该类型冰川消融区域不同程度的被岩石碎屑所覆盖,消融状况与非表碛覆盖型冰川有较大差异,因此,开展表碛覆盖型冰川的消融模拟研究至关重要。本文以冰面气象数据为驱动,使用表碛覆盖型冰川能量平...表碛覆盖型冰川在我国西部分布广泛,由于该类型冰川消融区域不同程度的被岩石碎屑所覆盖,消融状况与非表碛覆盖型冰川有较大差异,因此,开展表碛覆盖型冰川的消融模拟研究至关重要。本文以冰面气象数据为驱动,使用表碛覆盖型冰川能量平衡模型对天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川表碛区进行能量和消融模拟。基于热传导过程和能量平衡方程,模型计算了表碛表面温度以及表碛层内部温度,并通过表碛内部温度估算下覆冰的消融量。结果表明:2008年夏季期间模型模拟的消融量为0.39 m w.e.,与消融花杆数据进行验证取得了较高的模拟精度(R2=0.92,RMSE=±0.03 m w.e.),表碛表面温度和内部10 cm深处温度的模拟值也与实测数据拟合较好(R2分别为0.91和0.60)。在表碛区的能量交换过程中,净短波辐射是唯一的能量收入项,感热通量是最大的能量支出项(49.7%),其次分别为传导热通量(消融耗热)(25.8%),净长波辐射(19.8%)和潜热通量(4.6%),降水热量不足1%。云量对表碛区的气象和能量特征有着显著的影响,阴天条件下表碛区的入射短波辐射峰值从晴天的854 W·m^(-2)降至587 W·m^(-2),下行长波辐射和相对湿度增加,平均消融量比晴天减少了12%。此外,对表碛关键参数的敏感性分析表明,模拟的消融量对导热系数的变化最为敏感,反照率和表面粗糙度的变化量同样不可忽视。展开更多
Topography plays an important role in determining the glacier changes.However,topography has often been oversimplified in the studies of the glacier changes.No systematic studies have been conducted to evaluate the re...Topography plays an important role in determining the glacier changes.However,topography has often been oversimplified in the studies of the glacier changes.No systematic studies have been conducted to evaluate the relationship between the glacier changes and topographic features.The present study provided a detailed insight into the changes in the two branches(east branch and west branch)of Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains since 1993 and systematically discussed the effect of topography on the glacier parameters.This study analyzed comprehensive recently observed data(from 1992/1993 to 2018/2019),including mass balance,ice thickness,surface elevation,ice velocity,terminus,and area,and then determined the differences in the changes of the two branches and explored the effect of topography on the glacier changes.We also applied a topographic solar radiation model to analyze the influence of topography on the incoming shortwave radiation(SW_(in))across the entire glacier,focusing on the difference in the SW_(in) between the two branches.The glacier mass balance of the east branch was more negative than that of the west branch from 1992/1993 to 2018/2019,and this was mainly attributed to the lower average altitude of the east branch.Compared with the west branch,the decrease rate of the ice velocity was lower in the east branch owing to its relatively increased slope.The narrow shape of the west branch and its southeast aspect in the earlier period resulted in a larger glacier terminus retreat of the west branch.The spatial variability of the SW_(in) across the glacier surface became much larger as altitude increased.The SW_(in) received by the east branch was slightly larger than that received by the west branch,and the northern aspect could receive more SW_(in),leading to glacier melting.In the future,the difference of the glacier changes between the two branches will continue to exist due to their topographic differences.This work is fundamental to understanding how topographic features affect the glacier changes,and provides information for building different types of relationship between the glacier area and ice volume to promote further studies on the basin-scale glacier classification.展开更多
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2021xjkk0801).
文摘Land surface temperature(LST) directly affects the energy balance of terrestrial surface systems and impacts regional resources, ecosystem evolution, and ecosystem structures. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is located at the arid Northwest China and is extremely sensitive to climate change. There is an urgent need to understand the distribution patterns of LST in this area and quantitatively measure the nature and intensity of the impacts of the major driving factors from a spatial perspective, as well as elucidate the formation mechanisms. In this study, we used the MOD11C3 LST product developed on the basis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) to conduct regression analysis and determine the spatiotemporal variation and differentiation pattern of LST in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020. We analyzed the driving mechanisms of spatial heterogeneity of LST in Xinjiang and the six geomorphic zones(the Altay Mountains, Junggar Basin, Tianshan Mountains, Tarim Basin, Turpan-Hami(Tuha) Basin, and Pakakuna Mountain Group) using geographical detector(Geodetector) and geographically weighted regression(GWR) models. The warming rate of LST in Xinjiang during the study period was 0.24℃/10a, and the spatial distribution pattern of LST had obvious topographic imprints, with 87.20% of the warming zone located in the Gobi desert and areas with frequent human activities, and the cooling zone mainly located in the mountainous areas. The seasonal LST in Xinjiang was at a cooling rate of 0.09℃/10a in autumn, and showed a warming trend in other seasons. Digital elevation model(DEM), latitude, wind speed, precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), and sunshine duration in the single-factor and interactive detections were the key factors driving the LST changes. The direction and intensity of each major driving factor on the spatial variations of LST in the study area were heterogeneous. The negative feedback effect of DEM on the spatial differentiation of LST was the strongest. Lower latitudes, lower vegetation coverage, lower levels of precipitation, and longer sunshine duration increased LST. Unused land was the main heat source landscape, water body was the most important heat sink landscape, grassland and forest land were the land use and land cover(LULC) types with the most prominent heat sink effect, and there were significant differences in different geomorphic zones due to the influences of their vegetation types, climatic conditions, soil types, and human activities. The findings will help to facilitate sustainable climate change management, analyze local climate and environmental patterns, and improve land management strategies in Xinjiang and other arid areas.
文摘冰川反照率影响着冰川表面能量收支状况,其强烈的反馈机制是驱动冰川物质平衡变化的关键因素。本文基于MOD10A1和MYD10A1反照率产品、萨吾尔山冰川物质平衡大地测量法结果、木斯岛冰川实测反照率及物质平衡,开展了2000—2022年萨吾尔山冰川反照率变化及物质平衡估算研究。结果表明,2000—2022年,消融期内萨吾尔山冰川平均反照率下降了约0.035,变化速率约为0.0015 a^(-1)。最小反照率最早出现时间为6月16日,最晚出现时间为9月8日,平均以10 d·(10a)^(-1)的速率提前。在95%的置信水平下,木斯岛冰川反照率-物质平衡模型(A-Ms模型,即单条冰川模型)的决定系数R^(2)为0.84。基于冰川编目及现场环境考察,将萨吾尔山冰川划分为冰斗冰川、山谷冰川和悬冰川,对应类型的A-Mr模型(区域冰川模型)的决定系数R^(2)分别为0.81、0.74和0.72。2000—2020年,A-Ms模型重建萨吾尔山冰川物质平衡值为-1.24 m w.e.·a^(-1),A-Mr模型相应的重建值为-0.90 m w.e.·a^(-1),A-Mr模型模拟结果更能反映萨吾尔山冰川的物质损失状况。与亚洲高山区各山地冰川相比,萨吾尔山冰川物质损失最大。
文摘表碛覆盖型冰川在我国西部分布广泛,由于该类型冰川消融区域不同程度的被岩石碎屑所覆盖,消融状况与非表碛覆盖型冰川有较大差异,因此,开展表碛覆盖型冰川的消融模拟研究至关重要。本文以冰面气象数据为驱动,使用表碛覆盖型冰川能量平衡模型对天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川表碛区进行能量和消融模拟。基于热传导过程和能量平衡方程,模型计算了表碛表面温度以及表碛层内部温度,并通过表碛内部温度估算下覆冰的消融量。结果表明:2008年夏季期间模型模拟的消融量为0.39 m w.e.,与消融花杆数据进行验证取得了较高的模拟精度(R2=0.92,RMSE=±0.03 m w.e.),表碛表面温度和内部10 cm深处温度的模拟值也与实测数据拟合较好(R2分别为0.91和0.60)。在表碛区的能量交换过程中,净短波辐射是唯一的能量收入项,感热通量是最大的能量支出项(49.7%),其次分别为传导热通量(消融耗热)(25.8%),净长波辐射(19.8%)和潜热通量(4.6%),降水热量不足1%。云量对表碛区的气象和能量特征有着显著的影响,阴天条件下表碛区的入射短波辐射峰值从晴天的854 W·m^(-2)降至587 W·m^(-2),下行长波辐射和相对湿度增加,平均消融量比晴天减少了12%。此外,对表碛关键参数的敏感性分析表明,模拟的消融量对导热系数的变化最为敏感,反照率和表面粗糙度的变化量同样不可忽视。
基金jointly funded by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program (2021xjkk0801)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y2021110)the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science (SKLCS-ZZ-2022)
文摘Topography plays an important role in determining the glacier changes.However,topography has often been oversimplified in the studies of the glacier changes.No systematic studies have been conducted to evaluate the relationship between the glacier changes and topographic features.The present study provided a detailed insight into the changes in the two branches(east branch and west branch)of Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains since 1993 and systematically discussed the effect of topography on the glacier parameters.This study analyzed comprehensive recently observed data(from 1992/1993 to 2018/2019),including mass balance,ice thickness,surface elevation,ice velocity,terminus,and area,and then determined the differences in the changes of the two branches and explored the effect of topography on the glacier changes.We also applied a topographic solar radiation model to analyze the influence of topography on the incoming shortwave radiation(SW_(in))across the entire glacier,focusing on the difference in the SW_(in) between the two branches.The glacier mass balance of the east branch was more negative than that of the west branch from 1992/1993 to 2018/2019,and this was mainly attributed to the lower average altitude of the east branch.Compared with the west branch,the decrease rate of the ice velocity was lower in the east branch owing to its relatively increased slope.The narrow shape of the west branch and its southeast aspect in the earlier period resulted in a larger glacier terminus retreat of the west branch.The spatial variability of the SW_(in) across the glacier surface became much larger as altitude increased.The SW_(in) received by the east branch was slightly larger than that received by the west branch,and the northern aspect could receive more SW_(in),leading to glacier melting.In the future,the difference of the glacier changes between the two branches will continue to exist due to their topographic differences.This work is fundamental to understanding how topographic features affect the glacier changes,and provides information for building different types of relationship between the glacier area and ice volume to promote further studies on the basin-scale glacier classification.
