基于GIS的层次分析法在宁夏地质灾害易发性评价的应用

宁夏地区地质环境较差,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝等地质灾害频发,不稳定斜坡大量存在,地质灾害已经成为阻滞宁夏地区经济发展的重要因素。通过资料收集、遥感解译、野外调查等一系列工作,调查宁夏灾害点的种类、数量以及分布位置,并采用层次分析法,分析确定出地质灾害发生的影响因子,建立层次模型,计算各个影响因子的权重,在GIS平台下,对各个因子进行分析并进行归一化处理,将各个评价因子与其权重进行叠加计算,最终得出宁夏地区地质灾害易发性分区结果。结果表明:高易发区占地面积约6.89%,总面积约为4575km2,主要分布于宁夏南部;地质灾害中易发区,约占整个宁夏地区的40.86%,总面积约为27131km2;地质灾害低易发区,约占整个宁夏地区的52.25%,总面积约为34694km2。

冰崩灾害的界定与类型划分——以青藏高原地区为例

青藏高原地区是我国冰崩发生最多的区域。20世纪以来,随着全球气候变暖,该区域多次发生冰崩事件,给当地居民带来了严重的生命财产损失。对该区域冰崩的深入调查和研究对于冰崩灾害的防灾减灾具有重要的实际意义。通过对冰崩灾害的致灾方式、运动过程和影响因素等进行分析和总结,结合高山峡谷地区冰崩灾害的典型特征,对冰崩灾害的定义进行了详细阐述,认为冰崩灾害不应仅包含冰川垮塌形成的直接灾害,还应包含由冰川垮塌引发的链式灾害。在此基础上,将冰崩灾害分为冰崩直接灾害、冰崩-冰湖溃决灾害和冰崩-堵溃链式灾害3种类型,以期建立具有普适性、实用性的分类标准,为青藏高原地区冰崩灾害的深入研究和防灾减灾救灾提供理论基础和科学依据。

Ice-wedge Pseudomorphs Showing Climatic Change Since the Late Pleistocene in the Source Area of the Yellow River, Northeast Tibet

The source area of the Yellow River is located in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and is a high-elevation region with the annual mean temperature of-3.9℃. The ice-wedge pseudomorphs discovered in this region are recognized as two types.One was found in sandy gravel beds of the second terrace of the Yellow River. This ice-wedge pseudomorph is characterized by higher ratio of breadth/depth, and are 1～1.4 m wide and about 1 m deep. The bottom border of the ice-wedge pseudomorph is round arc in section. Another discovered in the pedestal of the second terrace has lower ratio of width/depth, and is 0.3～1.0 m wide and 1～2 m deep. Its bottom border is sharp. Based on the TL dating, the former was formed at the middle Holocene (5.69±0.43 ka BP and 5.43±0.41 ka BP),that is, the Megathermal, and the latter was formed at the late Last Glacial Maximum (13.49± 1.43 ka BP).Additionally, the thawing-freezing folders discovered in the late Late Pleistocene proluvium are 39.83±3.84 ka BP in age. The study on the ice-wedge pseudomorphs showed that the air temperature was lowered by up to 6～7 ℃ in the source area of the Yellow River when the ice-wedge pseudomorphs and thawing-freezing folds developed.