目的:综述当前国内外营养素养及其测评工具的研究进展。方法:以营养素养、营养素养测评工具为主题,在中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库进行检索,并对检索文献进行归纳总结。结果:目前尚无统一的营养素养定义,虽然...目的:综述当前国内外营养素养及其测评工具的研究进展。方法:以营养素养、营养素养测评工具为主题,在中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库进行检索,并对检索文献进行归纳总结。结果:目前尚无统一的营养素养定义,虽然研究者对于营养素养的定义有各自不同的见解,但都强调了营养信息的运用能力。营养素养可分为功能性营养素养、互动性营养素养和批判性营养素养三个层面,营养素养与健康素养、食物素养的关系相互补充又有着各自的特点。归纳总结发现对营养素养有影响的因素包括社会人口学因素、营养教育、社会支持。国内外现有营养素养测评工具适用人群有限,缺乏公认的测评工具和评价方法。结论:营养素养研究仍处于发展阶段,国内外相关研究文献有限,其定义、内涵和评价工具仍需进一步的修订完善。展开更多
香港苔藓植物的采集与研究始于19世纪中叶,至1949年百年间先后有英、美、德、法等国至少14人在中国香港采集过苔藓植物,分别是亚历山大(W. T. Alexander)、鲍林父子(J. Bowring&J. C. Bowring)、赖特(C. Wright)、汉斯(H. F. Hance...香港苔藓植物的采集与研究始于19世纪中叶,至1949年百年间先后有英、美、德、法等国至少14人在中国香港采集过苔藓植物,分别是亚历山大(W. T. Alexander)、鲍林父子(J. Bowring&J. C. Bowring)、赖特(C. Wright)、汉斯(H. F. Hance)、维丘拉(M. Wichura)、拉本赫兹特父子(G. L. Rabenhorst&R. C. Rabenhorst)、迪杜兴(D. F. Didrichsen)、福特(C. Ford)、福里(U. J. Faurie)、赫克洛茨(G. A. C. Herklots)、克莱门斯(M. S. Clemens)、莱贝格(J. B. Leiberg)等。通过文献记录及馆藏标本整理,采自香港地区的藓类植物有108种、苔类植物有2种,修订后藓类植物27科47属77种、苔类植物2科2属1种,标本大多收藏于国外各大博物馆、植物园和大学标本馆中。中国人在香港地区采集标本始于20世纪30年代,亚年(A. Nin)、曾怀德(W. T. Tsang)、冯钦(H. Fung)和谭英华(Y. W. Taam)4位中国植物采集者先后在香港地区采集过藓类植物24种,修订后13科14属22种,标本收藏于中国科学院植物研究所标本馆(PE)和加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学标本馆(UBC)中。展开更多
为探究施氮量对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和内源激素含量与平衡的影响,试验以登海518(Denghai 518,DH518)为供试材料,于2018—2019年大田条件下设置不施氮处理(N0)、少量施氮(N1:N 129 kg hm^(-2))、适量施氮(N2:N 184.50 kg hm^(-2))和过量施...为探究施氮量对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和内源激素含量与平衡的影响,试验以登海518(Denghai 518,DH518)为供试材料,于2018—2019年大田条件下设置不施氮处理(N0)、少量施氮(N1:N 129 kg hm^(-2))、适量施氮(N2:N 184.50 kg hm^(-2))和过量施氮(N3:N 300 kg hm^(-2))4个施氮量处理。结果表明:随着施氮量增加,籽粒达到最大灌浆速率的天数(T_(max))逐渐缩短,灌浆速率最大时的生长量(W_(max))、最大灌浆速率(G_(max))增加,籽粒灌浆活跃期(P:the active grain filling stage)延长,同时脱水速率增快,籽粒灌浆特性改善,最终籽粒干重增加,产量显著提高,但过量施氮,籽粒灌浆受到不良影响,产量降低。在籽粒内源激素含量达到峰值时,N2处理的吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)含量较N0处理2年分别显著增加66.35%、88.99%,玉米素核苷(ZR)含量2年分别显著增加7.45%、14.60%,赤霉素(GA_(3))含量2年分别显著增加24.73%、32.26%,但脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)含量2年分别显著降低15.57%、10.95%;而N3较N2处理IAA、ZR、GA_(3)含量有所降低,但ABA含量有所增加。结合籽粒灌浆特性和内源激素含量相关性分析可知,W_(max)与ZR/ABA呈现显著正相关,与ABA呈现显著负相关;P与IAA/ABA、GA_(3)/ABA呈现显著正相关。可见,适量施氮(N2:N 184.50 kg hm^(-2))可协调籽粒内源激素含量与平衡,进而促进籽粒灌浆,提高产量。展开更多
Compared with single agronomic practices management during grain formation, knowledge about integrated agronomic practices management on grain-filling characteristics and physiological function of endogenous hormones ...Compared with single agronomic practices management during grain formation, knowledge about integrated agronomic practices management on grain-filling characteristics and physiological function of endogenous hormones was limited. In order to clarify this issue, two field experiments, integrated agronomic practices management(IAPM), T1(local conventional cultivation practices), T2(an optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), T3(treatment based on high-yield studies), and T4(further optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), and nitrogen rate testing(NAT)(four nitrogen rates, 0, 129.0, 184.5, and 300.0 kg N ha–1) were performed with summer maize hybrid Zhengdan 958(ZD958). Results showed that with increased nitrogen rate, the endogenous hormone balance was promoted and the grain-filling characteristics were improved sufficiently to resulting in a significant increase in grain yield. However, the grain-filling characteristics deteriorated and yield was reduced with excessive nitrogen fertilization. However, IAPM could promote hormone balance and improve grain filling characteristic. The indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), zeatin riboside(ZR), and gibberellin(GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid(ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1. Those resulted in the maximum grain-filling rate(Wmax) and the active grain-filling period(P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield. So IAPM promoted hormone balance by improving tillage model, optimizing fertilizer rate and fertilization period, appropriately increasing planting density and delaying harvest, which promoted grain filling rate and lengthened active grain-filling period, finally increased grain yield.展开更多
合理施氮可显著提高夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率,增加产量,改善品质.本试验以登海518(DH518)和郑单958(ZD958)为供试材料,大田条件下设置不施氮(N0)、少量施氮(N1,129kg N·hm^-2)、适量施氮(N2,184.5 kg N·hm^-2)和过量施氮(N3,300 kg...合理施氮可显著提高夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率,增加产量,改善品质.本试验以登海518(DH518)和郑单958(ZD958)为供试材料,大田条件下设置不施氮(N0)、少量施氮(N1,129kg N·hm^-2)、适量施氮(N2,184.5 kg N·hm^-2)和过量施氮(N3,300 kg N·hm^-2)4个施氮量处理,研究施氮量对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和籽粒品质的影响.结果表明:不施氮处理玉米的籽粒灌浆受抑制,粒重减小,产量显著降低;随着施氮量增加,两品种的籽粒平均灌浆速率增加,粒重和产量显著增加,N1处理较N0增产16.4%~57.2%,N2处理较N0增产35.8%~65.1%.N0处理的籽粒粗蛋白、可溶性糖和总淀粉含量及支链/直链淀粉(支/直)降低,粗脂肪含量增加;DH518品种N2处理较N0、N1处理的粗蛋白、可溶性糖和总淀粉含量分别增加32.5%、6.5%,19.9%、9.5%和8.9%、5.2%,且支/直升高;ZD958品种N2处理较N0、N1处理的粗蛋白、可溶性糖和总淀粉含量分别增加16.9%、7.8%,30.5%、14.8%和11.5%、5.7%,支/直升高;两品种N2处理的粗脂肪含量较N0和N1降低4.8%~12.3%.但是,过量施氮(N3)较N2处理夏玉米产量降低,籽粒品质下降.可见,合理施氮可促进夏玉米籽粒灌浆,增加粒重,提高产量,改善品质.展开更多
文摘目的:综述当前国内外营养素养及其测评工具的研究进展。方法:以营养素养、营养素养测评工具为主题,在中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库进行检索,并对检索文献进行归纳总结。结果:目前尚无统一的营养素养定义,虽然研究者对于营养素养的定义有各自不同的见解,但都强调了营养信息的运用能力。营养素养可分为功能性营养素养、互动性营养素养和批判性营养素养三个层面,营养素养与健康素养、食物素养的关系相互补充又有着各自的特点。归纳总结发现对营养素养有影响的因素包括社会人口学因素、营养教育、社会支持。国内外现有营养素养测评工具适用人群有限,缺乏公认的测评工具和评价方法。结论:营养素养研究仍处于发展阶段,国内外相关研究文献有限,其定义、内涵和评价工具仍需进一步的修订完善。
文摘香港苔藓植物的采集与研究始于19世纪中叶,至1949年百年间先后有英、美、德、法等国至少14人在中国香港采集过苔藓植物,分别是亚历山大(W. T. Alexander)、鲍林父子(J. Bowring&J. C. Bowring)、赖特(C. Wright)、汉斯(H. F. Hance)、维丘拉(M. Wichura)、拉本赫兹特父子(G. L. Rabenhorst&R. C. Rabenhorst)、迪杜兴(D. F. Didrichsen)、福特(C. Ford)、福里(U. J. Faurie)、赫克洛茨(G. A. C. Herklots)、克莱门斯(M. S. Clemens)、莱贝格(J. B. Leiberg)等。通过文献记录及馆藏标本整理,采自香港地区的藓类植物有108种、苔类植物有2种,修订后藓类植物27科47属77种、苔类植物2科2属1种,标本大多收藏于国外各大博物馆、植物园和大学标本馆中。中国人在香港地区采集标本始于20世纪30年代,亚年(A. Nin)、曾怀德(W. T. Tsang)、冯钦(H. Fung)和谭英华(Y. W. Taam)4位中国植物采集者先后在香港地区采集过藓类植物24种,修订后13科14属22种,标本收藏于中国科学院植物研究所标本馆(PE)和加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学标本馆(UBC)中。
文摘为探究施氮量对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和内源激素含量与平衡的影响,试验以登海518(Denghai 518,DH518)为供试材料,于2018—2019年大田条件下设置不施氮处理(N0)、少量施氮(N1:N 129 kg hm^(-2))、适量施氮(N2:N 184.50 kg hm^(-2))和过量施氮(N3:N 300 kg hm^(-2))4个施氮量处理。结果表明:随着施氮量增加,籽粒达到最大灌浆速率的天数(T_(max))逐渐缩短,灌浆速率最大时的生长量(W_(max))、最大灌浆速率(G_(max))增加,籽粒灌浆活跃期(P:the active grain filling stage)延长,同时脱水速率增快,籽粒灌浆特性改善,最终籽粒干重增加,产量显著提高,但过量施氮,籽粒灌浆受到不良影响,产量降低。在籽粒内源激素含量达到峰值时,N2处理的吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)含量较N0处理2年分别显著增加66.35%、88.99%,玉米素核苷(ZR)含量2年分别显著增加7.45%、14.60%,赤霉素(GA_(3))含量2年分别显著增加24.73%、32.26%,但脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)含量2年分别显著降低15.57%、10.95%;而N3较N2处理IAA、ZR、GA_(3)含量有所降低,但ABA含量有所增加。结合籽粒灌浆特性和内源激素含量相关性分析可知,W_(max)与ZR/ABA呈现显著正相关,与ABA呈现显著负相关;P与IAA/ABA、GA_(3)/ABA呈现显著正相关。可见,适量施氮(N2:N 184.50 kg hm^(-2))可协调籽粒内源激素含量与平衡,进而促进籽粒灌浆,提高产量。
基金We are grateful for grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(2015 CB 150404)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-18)the Funds of Shandong“Double Tops”Program,China(SYL2017YSTD02).
文摘Compared with single agronomic practices management during grain formation, knowledge about integrated agronomic practices management on grain-filling characteristics and physiological function of endogenous hormones was limited. In order to clarify this issue, two field experiments, integrated agronomic practices management(IAPM), T1(local conventional cultivation practices), T2(an optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), T3(treatment based on high-yield studies), and T4(further optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), and nitrogen rate testing(NAT)(four nitrogen rates, 0, 129.0, 184.5, and 300.0 kg N ha–1) were performed with summer maize hybrid Zhengdan 958(ZD958). Results showed that with increased nitrogen rate, the endogenous hormone balance was promoted and the grain-filling characteristics were improved sufficiently to resulting in a significant increase in grain yield. However, the grain-filling characteristics deteriorated and yield was reduced with excessive nitrogen fertilization. However, IAPM could promote hormone balance and improve grain filling characteristic. The indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), zeatin riboside(ZR), and gibberellin(GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid(ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1. Those resulted in the maximum grain-filling rate(Wmax) and the active grain-filling period(P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield. So IAPM promoted hormone balance by improving tillage model, optimizing fertilizer rate and fertilization period, appropriately increasing planting density and delaying harvest, which promoted grain filling rate and lengthened active grain-filling period, finally increased grain yield.
文摘合理施氮可显著提高夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率,增加产量,改善品质.本试验以登海518(DH518)和郑单958(ZD958)为供试材料,大田条件下设置不施氮(N0)、少量施氮(N1,129kg N·hm^-2)、适量施氮(N2,184.5 kg N·hm^-2)和过量施氮(N3,300 kg N·hm^-2)4个施氮量处理,研究施氮量对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和籽粒品质的影响.结果表明:不施氮处理玉米的籽粒灌浆受抑制,粒重减小,产量显著降低;随着施氮量增加,两品种的籽粒平均灌浆速率增加,粒重和产量显著增加,N1处理较N0增产16.4%~57.2%,N2处理较N0增产35.8%~65.1%.N0处理的籽粒粗蛋白、可溶性糖和总淀粉含量及支链/直链淀粉(支/直)降低,粗脂肪含量增加;DH518品种N2处理较N0、N1处理的粗蛋白、可溶性糖和总淀粉含量分别增加32.5%、6.5%,19.9%、9.5%和8.9%、5.2%,且支/直升高;ZD958品种N2处理较N0、N1处理的粗蛋白、可溶性糖和总淀粉含量分别增加16.9%、7.8%,30.5%、14.8%和11.5%、5.7%,支/直升高;两品种N2处理的粗脂肪含量较N0和N1降低4.8%~12.3%.但是,过量施氮(N3)较N2处理夏玉米产量降低,籽粒品质下降.可见,合理施氮可促进夏玉米籽粒灌浆,增加粒重,提高产量,改善品质.
