Oil spills have become a serious problem in cold environments with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakage of oil. Several techniques, including physical, chemical, a...Oil spills have become a serious problem in cold environments with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakage of oil. Several techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are used to recover spilled oil from the environment. Bioremediation is a promising option for remediation since it is effective and economic in removing oil with less undue environmental damages. However, it is a relatively slow process in cold regions and the degree of success depends on a number of factors, including the properties and fate of oil spilled in cold environments, and the major microbial and environmental limitations of bioremediation. The microbial factors include bioavailability of hydrocarbons, mass transfer through the cell membrane, and metabolic limitations. As for the environmental limitations in the cold regions, the emphasis is on soil temperatures, freeze-thaw processes, oxygen and nutrients availability, toxicity, and electron acceptors. There have been several cases of success in the polar regions, particularly in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. However, the challenges and constraints for bioremediation in cold environments remain large.展开更多
The Nanwenghe Wetlands Reserve in the Yile'huli Mountains is a representative region of the Xing'an permafrost.The response of permafrost to climate change remains unclear due to limited field investigations.T...The Nanwenghe Wetlands Reserve in the Yile'huli Mountains is a representative region of the Xing'an permafrost.The response of permafrost to climate change remains unclear due to limited field investigations.Thus,longer-term responses of the ground thermal state to climate change since 2011 have been monitored at four sites with varied surface characteristics:Carex tato wetland(P1)and shrub-C.tato wetland(P2)with a multi-year average temperatures at the depth of zero annual amplitude(T_(ZAA))of−0.52 and−1.19℃,respectively;Betula platyphylla-Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Kuzen mixed forest(P3)with T_(ZAA) of 0.17℃,and;the forest of L.gmelinii(Rupr.)Kuzen(P4)with T_(ZAA) of 1.65℃.Continuous observations demonstrate that the ecosystem-protected Xing'an permafrost experienced a cooling under a warming climate.The temperature at the top of permafrost(TTOP)rose(1.8℃ per decade)but the TZAA declined(−0.14℃ per decade),while the active layer thickness(ALT)thinned from 0.9 m in 2012 to 0.8 m in 2014 at P1.Both the TTOP and TZAA increased(0.89 and 0.06℃ per decade,respectively),but the ALT thinned from 1.4 m in 2012 to 0.7 m in 2016 at P2.Vertically detached permafrost at P3 disappeared in summer 2012,with warming rates of+0.42 and+0.17℃ per decade for TTOP and T_(ZAA),respectively.However,up to date,the ground thermal state has remained stable at P4.We conclude that the thermal offset is crucial for the preservation and persistence of the Xing'an permafrost at the southern fringe.展开更多
文摘溶解性有机质(DOM)是土壤中活跃的有机成分,其来源和组成可指示土壤腐殖化程度及与外部环境间的相关关系。为科学地监测与评价湿地土壤环境质量,采集黑龙江省碾子山雅鲁河国家湿地公园内不同植被条件下的表层(0~20 cm)土壤,应用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法,测定DOM荧光光谱,并进一步分析土壤理化指标对DOM组成的影响。结果表明:5种植被类型(包括9种群系)条件下土壤DOM腐殖化指数在2.562~9.052之间,落叶阔叶林和落叶阔叶灌丛土壤腐殖化程度高于草甸,其次为沼泽,水生植被最低;荧光指数介于1.407~1.586,土壤DOM来源兼具外生源和自生源特征,落叶阔叶林和芦苇[Phragmites australis(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.]沼泽表现为明显的外生源特征,而水生植被及稗[Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P. Beauv.]沼泽具有明显的自生源特征;生物指数在0.482~0.662范围内,新近自生源贡献率均较低。土壤DOM中识别出3类5种有机组分,类腐殖质(紫外类富里酸和可见类富里酸)相对比重最大,外生源特征明显的土壤样品中含量多;其次为类蛋白质(类酪氨酸和类色氨酸),自生源特征较强的土壤样品中含量多;类腐殖酸(胡敏酸)最低,多存在于旱生-中生环境中。土壤含水量、 pH值、总有机碳含量对DOM组成具有显著或极显著的影响,3项理化指标与类蛋白质含量成正相关,与类腐殖质含量成负相关,含水量、总有机碳含量与类腐殖酸含量成负相关。总体上看,在该湿地公园内,落叶阔叶林、落叶阔叶灌丛土壤偏弱酸性,含水量、总有机碳含量低,腐殖化程度高,外生源特征明显,类腐殖质和类腐殖酸含量高,其次为草甸及沼泽植被,而水生植被条件下土壤近中性,含水量、总有机碳含量高,腐殖化程度低,自生源特征明显,类蛋白质含量高。本研究结果可为以该湿地公园为代表的北方寒区永久性河流湿地土壤环境质量监测与评价提供基础数据。
基金Project supported by the 100 Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.2004407).
文摘Oil spills have become a serious problem in cold environments with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakage of oil. Several techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are used to recover spilled oil from the environment. Bioremediation is a promising option for remediation since it is effective and economic in removing oil with less undue environmental damages. However, it is a relatively slow process in cold regions and the degree of success depends on a number of factors, including the properties and fate of oil spilled in cold environments, and the major microbial and environmental limitations of bioremediation. The microbial factors include bioavailability of hydrocarbons, mass transfer through the cell membrane, and metabolic limitations. As for the environmental limitations in the cold regions, the emphasis is on soil temperatures, freeze-thaw processes, oxygen and nutrients availability, toxicity, and electron acceptors. There have been several cases of success in the polar regions, particularly in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. However, the challenges and constraints for bioremediation in cold environments remain large.
基金This study is financially supported by the program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(41401081,41871052,41771074)Joint Key Program of NSFC‒Heilongjiang Province for Regional Development(U20A2082)the Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering(SKLFSE-ZT-41,SKLFSE-ZY-20).
文摘The Nanwenghe Wetlands Reserve in the Yile'huli Mountains is a representative region of the Xing'an permafrost.The response of permafrost to climate change remains unclear due to limited field investigations.Thus,longer-term responses of the ground thermal state to climate change since 2011 have been monitored at four sites with varied surface characteristics:Carex tato wetland(P1)and shrub-C.tato wetland(P2)with a multi-year average temperatures at the depth of zero annual amplitude(T_(ZAA))of−0.52 and−1.19℃,respectively;Betula platyphylla-Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Kuzen mixed forest(P3)with T_(ZAA) of 0.17℃,and;the forest of L.gmelinii(Rupr.)Kuzen(P4)with T_(ZAA) of 1.65℃.Continuous observations demonstrate that the ecosystem-protected Xing'an permafrost experienced a cooling under a warming climate.The temperature at the top of permafrost(TTOP)rose(1.8℃ per decade)but the TZAA declined(−0.14℃ per decade),while the active layer thickness(ALT)thinned from 0.9 m in 2012 to 0.8 m in 2014 at P1.Both the TTOP and TZAA increased(0.89 and 0.06℃ per decade,respectively),but the ALT thinned from 1.4 m in 2012 to 0.7 m in 2016 at P2.Vertically detached permafrost at P3 disappeared in summer 2012,with warming rates of+0.42 and+0.17℃ per decade for TTOP and T_(ZAA),respectively.However,up to date,the ground thermal state has remained stable at P4.We conclude that the thermal offset is crucial for the preservation and persistence of the Xing'an permafrost at the southern fringe.
