ISSR Analysis on Genetic Diversity of the 34 Populations of Oryza meyeriana Distributing in Yunnan Province,China

The genetic diversity of the 34 populations of wild rice Oryza meyeriana Baill. distributed in Yunnan Province, China was analyzed using 13 inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） markers. A total of 168 bands were amplified, of which 135 polymorphic bands were discovered and the percentage of polymorphic bands （PPB） was 80.36%. A genetic diversity was revealed as Nei＇s gene diversity （H） = 0.2666 and Shannon information index （I） = 0.4028 at population level. The 34 populations were divided into different groups based on administrative regions, latitude and longitudes, river areas, altitudes of their origins, and their indexes such as Na （number of alleles）, Ne （effective number of alleles）, H, I and PPB were calculated. Richer genetic diversity was found in the wild rice populations distributed in Simao Prefecture than that in Lingcang Prefecture or Xishuangbanna Prefecture whereas the least genetic diversity was in Baoshan Prefecture or Dehong Prefecture. Rich genetic diversity was also discovered in the wild rice populations originated from higher than 710 m altitude around the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River belonging to the Pacific Ocean drainage system. The 34 populations could be classified into two groups, one group covered the wild rice distributing in Simao Prefecture only while the other group covered ones in Lingcang, Xishuangbanna and Dehong Prefectures. The issue on how to effectively conserve the wild rice germplasm was discussed.

Genetic Diversity of Wild Rice Species in Yunnan Province of China

Yunnan Province of China is one of the important centers for origin and evolution of cultivated rice worldwide. Wild rice is the ancestor of the cultivated rice. Many elite traits of wild rice have widened the genetic basis in cultivated rice. However, many populations of wild rice species have disappeared in the past few years. Therefore, the current status of wild rice resources should be updated and the genetic diversity of wild rice species should be examined for further germplasm preservation and utilization. Our investigations showed that the number of natural wild rice populations declined sharply in Yunnan Province during the past few years due to various reasons. Fortunately, one population of Oryza rufipogon, three of O officinalis and ten of O. granulata have been newly found in different ecological sites, which were confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） marker analysis in this study. ISSR analysis and investigation of some important traits of nutritional values indicated that the genetic diversity of the currently existing wild rice resources in Yunnan is still rich. The demonstration of genetic diversity of wild rice by a combined use of geographical distribution, morphological traits, nutrition contents and ISSR markers would be helpful for the conservation and exploration of these important wild rice resources.

Evaluation of the Pathotypes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Preliminary Analysis of the Resistant Reactions of Main Japonica Rice in the Yunnan Plateau, China

The pathogenicity of 36 isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, which were collected from japonica rice varieties in the Yunnan Plateau, China, was evaluated. It was evaluated on 29 rice varieties including a set of seven varieties to identify pathogenicity, i.e., Haonuoyang, TN1, Kogyoku, Zhenzhu＇ai, IR26, Nanjing 33, and Kinmaze, which may be considered as a set of differential varieties for Xoo races from Yunnan japonica rice. The efficiency of the seven varieties was further confirmed. The results showed reversible and specific interactions between isolates and varieties. The isolates were classified into nine pathotypes from pathotyp Ⅰ to Ⅸ according to their pathogenic reactions on the seven rice varieties. The pathotype V was the epidemic, whereas pathogen Ⅶ was the most pathogenic. Most japonica varieties grown in the Yunnan Plateau were susceptible to Xoo. The rice lines IRBB21 （Xa-21）, Zhachanglong （Xa-22,, Xa- 24,）, and IR1545-339 （xa-5）, which were resistant to all the isolates tested, can be used as donors of resistant genes for bacterial blight in japonica rice breeding in the Yunnan Plateau.

云南药用野生稻种质资源的白叶枯病抗性评价

【目的】鉴定评价云南药用野生稻对白叶枯病菌株的抗性,为药用野生稻的保护及抗病新品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】利用24个近年在云南稻作区流行的白叶枯病菌株及国内外部分标准强致病菌系对云南8个居群(OF1~OF8)的31份药用野生稻材料进行接种鉴定,测量病斑长度,按照抗性分级标准进行抗性等级划分,建立抗病谱,比较分析不同药用野生稻材料间和不同居群间的抗性差异。【结果】接种24个白叶枯病菌株21 d后,感病材料金刚30的病斑长度均超过20.00 cm,而未接种的叶片未发生任何变化,说明24个白叶枯病菌株均未丧失致病力;31份药用野生稻材料大多出现典型的白叶枯病症状,但抗病等级存在差异,其中,67.7%的供试药用野生稻对XOO8菌株表现抗病,说明XOO8菌株的致病性最强,所有材料均抗XOO14菌株,说明XOO14菌株的致病性最弱。31份药用野生稻的抗菌率均在50.0%以上,其中OF2-1的抗菌率最高,为100.0%,OF4-2的抗菌率最低,为50.0%。8个居群中,以OF5和OF7的抗菌率最高,均为100.0%,说明二者对24个白叶枯病菌株均表现抗性;OF4的抗菌率最低,为79.2%,仅抗19个菌株。8个居群抗性由强至弱排序为:OF5=OF7>OF6>OF1=OF2=OF8>OF3>OF4。各居群内样品个体间抗性差异明显,推测是由于野生稻杂合程度较高所导致。【结论】云南药用野生稻种质资源对当前在云南流行的白叶枯病小种及国内外部分强致病菌整体抗性较好,其抗性差异来源于居群内的杂合度,与地理分布无关,推测云南药用野生稻具有特异的优良抗白叶枯病基因,其在遗传研究和品种改良方面具有较大应用潜力。

云南疣粒野生稻原生质体高效分离培养体系的建立

【目的】为云南疣粒野生稻原生质体的培养、细胞融合、细胞再分化成植株奠定基础。【方法】测定不同酶解组合及浓度、酶解时间、渗透压稳定剂浓度下云南疣粒野生稻原生质体的产量和活力,同时筛选云南疣粒野生稻原生质体分离和培养的较优条件。【结果】优化后建立云南疣粒野生稻胚性悬浮细胞系的周期可缩短至45~60 d;在纤维素酶1.5%+果胶酶0.3%+甘露醇0.6 M+MES 5 mM+CaCl(2)5 mM条件下酶解2 h,云南疣粒野生稻原生质的产量为1.45×10^6个/g·FW,活力达到90.17%,制备出的原生质体在固液培养下得到云南疣粒野生稻原生质体再生植株。【结论】建立了一套快速高效分离培养云南疣粒野生稻原生质体的体系,对研究重要植物资源、种质创新和发掘其优良基因具有重要意义。

云南药用野生稻快繁苗在育种中的利用研究

药用野生稻具有抗虫、抗病、抗旱、分蘖力强等优良特性,但是,药用野生稻结实率低,落粒性强,很难收种和保存繁殖。本研究利用药用野生稻种子离体培养方法获得植株再生苗。组培实验设计了3种不同的愈伤诱导培养基:筛选出MS+2,4-D5.0mg/L+植物凝胶2.8g/L+蔗糖30g/L,pH值5.8最适合愈伤诱导培养基,也筛选出愈伤继代、增殖培养基;设计了10种分化培养基:筛选出MS+6-BA3.0mg/L+NAA0.5mg/L+ZT3.0mg/L+植物凝胶2.8g/L+蔗糖30g/L,pH值5.8最为适合分化的培养基,同时筛选出继代、增殖、壮苗的培养基;设计了10种生根培养基:筛选出MS+NAA0.8mg/L+植物凝胶2.8g/L+蔗糖30g/L,pH值5.8最适合生根的培养基。在培养技术方面采用磨去种皮,利用种子芽诱导愈伤,弱光培养愈伤,加快形成紧实、绿色颗粒愈伤,进行了有效改进。通过实验,建立了一套完整的药用野生稻快繁体系。以组培苗药用野生稻为父本,3个品系栽培稻为母本,3个杂交组合获得了远缘杂交后代。因此,远缘杂交在杂交育种中是可行的。

Specific Spikelet Fertility as an Indicator of Cold Tolerance Identification at Booting Stage in Rice

By using the parents, Kunmingxiaobaigu, a landrace variety with cold tolerance from Yunnan, China, and Towada, a cold-sensitive variety bred in Japan, as well as their F8 and F9 RIL progenies as test materials, cold tolerance of rice at the booting stage in 2002 and 2003 under four different altitudes （environments）, and the correlationship between spikelet fertility and specific spikelet fertility （spikelet fertility of nine spikelets from the 3rd to the 5th spikelets of three primary branches at the top of each panicle） of single plant were analyzed, The data revealed a significant correlationship between spikelet fertility and specific spikelet fertility with the range from 0.7364 to 0.9011. However, under the cold stress environments, the correlation coefficients were higher than those without cold stress. On the other hand, the panicle exsertion was correlated to both spikelet fertility and specific spikelet fertility. Moreover, the heredity analysis suggested that specific spikelet fertility could replace spikelet fertility as an identification indicator, while panicle exsertion could be used as a partial indicator of cold tolerance identification at the booting stage in rice.

云南药用野生稻对四种水稻主要病害的抗性鉴定

对云南药用野生稻7个不同居群的稻瘟病、纹枯病、白叶枯病和细菌性条斑病抗型表型进行鉴定,筛选抗源,并检测已克隆的抗稻瘟病、抗白叶枯病基因在它们中的存在情况。结果表明:用云南稻瘟病菌毒性菌株16t接种云南药用野生稻7个居群,除勐海药野(7)表型为感病外,其他6个居群均为抗病;勐遮药用野生稻(4)和景纳上沟药用野生稻(1)分别不含Pib和Pi2基因片段,其他5个居群都含有Pib、Pi2、Pi9、Pid2、Pikp、Pis和Pi56等基因片段;所有的参试药用野生稻高抗纹枯病;除勐往药野(13)和澜沧孟矿药野(14)对细菌性条斑病菌菌株RS105表现为感病和勐遮药野(5)对菌株RS1-20表现为感病外,其他材料对菌株RS105和RS1-20都表现为抗病;云南白叶枯病菌强致病性菌株CX30-1、菲律宾菌株PXO99和PXO86对景纳上沟药用野生稻(1)和澜沧孟矿药用野生稻(14)具有强致病性,其他居群表现为抗病至中抗; 7个居群都含有Xa5、Xa13、Xa21基因片段。本文首次报道了云南药用野生稻多个居群类型对4种主要病害的抗性,这些结果为深度挖掘利用云南药用野生稻资源的有效抗病基因奠定了基础。