“4·11”海南致灾雷暴大风环境场与多普勒雷达回波特征分析

利用海口多普勒雷达、海南省区域加密自动站和常规资料对2016年4月11日凌晨发生在海南岛北部近海和陆地的大范围雷暴大风过程进行天气学分析。结果表明:(1)这次雷暴大风过程发生在500 h Pa槽前、低空急流左前侧、低层切变线南侧、高空急流分流区下方和地面静止锋南侧的有利于对流发展的较大范围上升气流区域内;(2)对流风暴移动路径上的大气环境具有中等程度的条件不稳定、对流有效位能CAPE以及上干冷下暖湿的温-湿廓线垂直结构、强的深层垂直风切变,对流风暴形成后最终组织发展产生雷暴大风、大冰雹和短时强降水的多单体带状回波和弓形回波;(3)在多单体带状回波中镶嵌的风暴A和B各自发展成为具有中层径向辐合特征的超级单体,风暴B和C合并形成弓形回波,其中风暴C的中气旋加强成为弓形回波北部的气旋式中尺度涡旋;(4)阵风锋对对流风暴的正反馈作用、对流风暴前侧强劲的暖湿入流与风暴后侧径向风速相当的冷池出流,长时间倾斜依存的自组织结构及其与强的低层环境风垂直切变的相互作用,是多单体风暴和弓形回波长时间维持和加强的主要原因;(5)地面原来存在的β中尺度辐合切变线,对流风暴主体回波沿着海南岛北部近海东移等因素,有利于多单体带状回波和弓形回波的长时间维持。

中国江南-华南地区一次强飑线天气过程位涡诊断分析

应用FY-4A卫星红外和水汽云图资料,结合NCEP分析场资料以及地面自动气象站变压、变温、大风及降水资料,计算等熵面位涡,分析2018年3月4日中国江南—华南地区强飑线过程的发生发展机制及持续性大风产生的主要原因。结果表明:对流单体触发于低层辐合系统,由于雷暴下沉气流与其前方的低层暖湿西南气流形成地面辐合线,并且移入地区的水汽、静力不稳定及垂直风切变条件对强对流风暴的发展均十分有利,使得导致极端对流大风的强对流风暴持续发展。极端大风主要分布在飑线中弓形结构的顶端,落区与亮温梯度和变压梯度相对应,导致变压风增大;飑线的移动与引导气流方向一致,系统走向和低层西南急流接近于垂直,系统移速加快,动量下传效应增强,均是导致极端地面大风的成因。位涡分布表明高位涡的侵入和呈弓形分布的低位涡区的形成具有一定关联,干侵入区与等熵面上高位涡区有着较好的对应,飑线后部的暗区正是干侵入的前沿,高层高位涡的下传是飑线系统持续发展的成因。

A Brief Discussion on the High-impact Cold-season Tornado Outbreak During 10-11 December 2021 in the United States

An outbreak of powerful tornadoes tore through multiple states in the central and southern United States from 10 to 11 December 2021.It is claimed the deadliest tornado outbreak that has taken place on December days.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration had confirmed 66 tornadoes as of 21 December,producing at least 90 fatalities.Most tornadoes occurred at night and thus they were difficult to be visually located,which directly increases the risk for local residents.Two violent nighttime tornadoes were rated category 4 on the enhanced Fujita scale(EF4).Although a high death toll was caused during this event,the operational service actually presented an excellent performance.This tornado outbreak has aroused extensive discussion from both the public and the research community in China.This paper presents a brief discussion on the formation environment and warning services of the tornado outbreak.Recall the deadliest violent tornado in the past 45 years in China,the radar-based tornadic vortex signatures at the locations with EF4 damages show a comparable strength with those in the current cases.Some views on the tornado warning issuance and receiving and damage surveys in China are also presented.

Useful Precursor Weather Conditions for Hail-Event Forecasting in the Beijing-Tianjin Region

Hail is one of the important weather disasters that affects the Beijing-Tianjin(BT) region.To better understand and to improve the forecasting of hail events over the BT region,the precursor weather conditions for hail based on 30 previous hail events were derived.It was found that the high-level trough and low-level cold front over the Mongolian region,the accumulated convective available potential energy,the decrease of the height of the 0℃-isotherm in the morning,and the persistence and intensification of these factors from morning to afternoon are valuable clues for forecasting the occurrence of hail events over the BT region.

Cross validations of radio-frequency interference signature in AMSR-E data using two detection methods

Radio-frequency interference（RFI） detection for low-frequency microwave measurements is an important step before these data are applied to geophysical parameter retrieval or data assimilation. There are several robust techniques to identify the RFI signals, such as the mean/standard deviation method and the normalized principal component analysis method. However, verification of these existing detection methods remains an open issue in the absence of a reliable validation data-set of the ‘true＇ RFI signals. In this paper, a cross-validation scheme using two independent RFI detection methods is proposed to derive the thresholds for identifying the RFI-contaminated data for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System（AMSR-E）. It is shown that the new scheme is effective in the quantitative classification of the RFI signals in the AMSR-E C-and X-band channels over the continents. Strong RFI signals are found to be populated over cities of the United States at AMSR-E C-band, while RFIs at X-band are mainly observed over Europe and Japan.