Quantifying the 2022 drought and spatiotemporal evolution of TWSA in the Dongting Lake Basin over the past two decades

Extreme hydrological events such as droughts and floods have been increasingly influenced by abnormal atmospheric disturbances caused by human activity and global warming.The Dongting Lake Basin(DLB)has experienced challenging circumstances over the past 20 years due to complex climatic variations,leading to extreme flooding and drought.This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal variation in terrestrial water storage anomalies(TWSA)over the DLB using data from the GRACE/GRACE-FO and GLDAS spanning the latest two decades.A significant decline trend in TWSA is unveiled from July 2019 to May 2023,with the rate of change determined as-1.94 cm/year and-1.99 cm/year based on the GRACE/GRACE-FO and GLDAS,respectively.The GRACE-Drought Severity Index(DSI)is employed to identify and evaluate the severity and spatiotemporal evolution of the 2022 drought event in the DLB.The results accurately capture the drought event,which began in July 2022 and continued until March 2023,with the most severe conditions occurring in October 2022,when the GRACE-DSI value stood at-2.06 and the TWSA decreased by 15.24 cm and 33.51 cm relative to the same month in 2021 and 2020,respectively.Additionally,the daily water level variation at the Chenglingji hydrological gauging station in 2022 broke previous records,reaching a minimum of only 19 m.Comparing the 2022 drought event with the drought events in 2006 and 2011,the impact of drought on vegetation growth conditions was relatively small,but there was still significant vegetation degradation across the DLB.

Color-polarization synergistic target detection method considering shadow interference

Aiming at the problem of shadow interference in UAV's ground reconnaissance,a color and polarization synergistic target detection method is proposed for anti-shadow interference,based on the influence of two physical characteristics(wavelength and polarization)under different illuminations.A valid fusion strategy is proposed via integrating two separate detection results on color and polarization images.Moreover,a local enhancement and recognition module(LER)is introduced to boost the performance.Based on our built dataset,experimental results show that our method achieves mAPof 87.76%,and12.37%higher than that of color image and 14.68%higher than that of polarization image.

Identification prognostic features related to sphingolipid metabolism and experimental validation of TRIM47 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background:The specific impact of sphingolipid metabolism on developing hepatocellular Carcinoma(HCC)remains unclear.This study aims to explore the relationship between sphingolipid metabolism and HCC prognosis,immune response,and drug sensitivity.Methods:Data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)-Hepatocellular Carcinoma(LIHC)and Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO,GSE14520 datasets).47 sphingolipid metabolism genes were obtained from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)database.After classifying HCC samples using the Non-negative Matrix Factorization(NMF)clustering method,differentially expressed genes were screened.Then,8 risk genes were obtained by univariate analysis,survival random forest reduction and lasso analysis.The expression of 8 risk genes was verified in vitro.Results:8 risk genes were used to construct the Sphingolipid score model.High-Sphingolipid score predicted poor prognosis of HCC patients.Sphingolipid score was associated with immune checkpoints(IL-1B,TLR4,TGFB1,and IL-10),immune cells(Th2,Treg,MDSC,Neutrophil,Fibroblasts and macrophage),and MAPK Cascade.In the High-Sphingolipid score group,a significantly higher proportion of patients with TP53(p53)mutations was significantly higher(56%).Furthermore,patients with a high-Sphingolipid score were predicted to have a higher sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs.In vitro validation showed that compared with normal liver cells LX-2,TRIM47,and S100A9 significantly increased in liver cancer cells Hep G2,MHCC-97H,and Hep3B2.1-7,while SLC1A7,LPCAT1,and CFHR4 significantly decreased.Silencing TRIM47 reduced the proliferation and promoted apoptosis.The levels of ceramide synthesis-related indexes(CERS1,CERS6,CERS5,and SPTLC2)increased,and the ACER3 related to catalytic hydrolysis decreased.Conclusion:We constructed a sphingolipid metabolism-related prognostic signature(Sphingolipid score)based on 8 risk genes.TRIM47 may affect the development of liver cancer by regulating the relevant indicators of ceramide synthesis and catalytic hydrolysis.

Chinese Gravimetry Augment and Mass Change Exploring Mission Status and Future

The satellite gravimetry technology effectively recovers the global Earth’s gravity field.Since 2000s,HL-SST satellite CHAMP,LL-SST satellite GRACE,Gravity Gradient Measurement(GGM)satellite GOCE have been launched successfully,producing some Earth’s gravity models solely from satellites data.However,the space and time resolution of the Earth’s gravity fields do not adequately satisfy scientific objectives.The main reason is that the gravimetry satellites are not enough and observation data insufficient.The paper outlines the current and future status of Chinese gravity satellite missions.The Chinese gravimetry satellite system,named Chinese Gravimetry augment and Mass change exploring mission(ChiGaM),successfully launched in Dec.2021 after four years of production and over a year of calibration and valiation.The accelerometer,K-band ranging system and the three stellar sensors,among others,were precisely calibrated and trimmed.The satellite mass center was determined and coordinated with the proof center of accelerometer with an accuracy 100μm.The inter-satellite ranging system and BDS/GPS receiver operate together seamlessly.The range and range rate noise is less than 3μm/Hz^(1/2) and 1μm/s/Hz^(1/2),respectively,in band of 0.025~0.1 Hz.The electrostatic suspension accelerometer is working well.Its high-sensitive axis noise level is 3×10^(-10) m/s^(2)/Hz^(1/2)near the frequency 0.1 Hz,and 1×10^(-9) m/s^(2)/Hz^(1/2) for the less-sensitive axis.Meanwhile the BDS/GPS receiver is used to achieve data for precise orbit determination,yielding an orbit result with accuracy better than 2 cm.When compared with KBR observations,the RMS of the bias is less than 1 mm.Besides above mission,next gravimetric satellite is being developed now.TQ-2 mission is designed as a totally experimental satellite for gravitational wave detection at low Earth orbit,which can detect the Earth’s gravity field simultaneously.The Bender-type mission is considered the most promising configuration for TQ-2 and consists of two polar satellites and two inclined satellites.Due to the extra observations at the east-west direction derived from the inclined satellite pair,significant improvements has been made in detecting temporal signals with higher accuracy and spatial-temporal resolution.To achieve the scientific goal,the ACC MBW can shift from 0.001~0.1 Hz to 0.004~0.1 Hz for ACC,and the LRI MBW can shift from 0.01~1 Hz to 0.1~1 Hz.For future research,a gravimetric potential survey using cold-atomic-clock based on the general relativity theory,cold atom gradiometer should be pursued.Gravimetric technologies should be mined and researched,and the gravimetry satellite constellation should be developed,so as to improve the time resolution and space resolution for meeting the requirements of geophysics,geodesy,earthquake,water resources environment,oceanography,etc.

Coastal bathymetry inversion using SAR-based altimetric gravity data:A case study over the South Sandwich Island

The global bathymetry models are usually of low accuracy over the coastline of polar areas due to the harsh climatic environment and the complex topography.Satellite altimetric gravity data can be a supplement and plays a key role in bathymetry modeling over these regions.The Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)altimeters in the missions like CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3A/3B can relieve waveform contamination that existed in conventional altimeters and provide data with improved accuracy and spatial resolution.In this study,we investigate the potential application of SAR altimetric gravity data in enhancing coastal bathymetry,where the effects on local bathymetry modeling introduced from SAR altimetry data are quantified and evaluated.Furthermore,we study the effects on bathymetry modeling by using different scale factor calculation approaches,where a partition-wise scheme is implemented.The numerical experiment over the South Sandwich Islands near Antarctica suggests that using SARbased altimetric gravity data improves local coastal bathymetry modeling,compared with the model calculated without SAR altimetry data by a magnitude of 3:55 m within 10 km of offshore areas.Moreover,by using the partition-wise scheme for scale factor calculation,the quality of the coastal bathymetry model is improved by 7.34 m compared with the result derived from the traditional method.These results indicate the superiority of using SAR altimetry data in coastal bathymetry inversion.

Identification of potential anti-pneumonia pharmacological components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma after the treatment with Gan An He Ji oral liquid

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,a traditional Chinese medicine also known as Gan Cao(GC),is frequently included in clinical prescriptions for the treatment of pneumonia.However,the pharmacological components of GC for pneumonia treatment are rarely explored.Gan An He Ji oral liquid(GAHJ)has a simple composition and contains GC liquid extracts and paregoric,and has been used clinically for many years.Therefore,GAHJ was selected as a compound preparation for the study of GC in the treatment of pneumonia.We conducted an in vivo study of patients with pneumonia undergoing GAHJ treatments for three days.Using the intelligent mass spectrometry data-processing technologies to analyze the metabolism of GC in vivo,we obtained 168 related components of GC in humans,consisting of 24 prototype components and 144 metabolites,with 135 compounds screened in plasma and 82 in urine.After analysis of the metabolic transformation relationship and relative exposure,six components(liquiritin,liquiritigenin,glycyrrhizin,glycyrrhetinic acid,daidzin,and formononetin)were selected as potential effective components.The experimental results based on two animal pneumonia models and the inflammatory cell model showed that the mixture of these six components was effective in the treatment of pneumonia and lung injury and could effectively downregulate the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS).Interestingly,glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited the strongest inhibition on iNOS and the highest exposure in vivo.The following molecular dynamic simulations indicated a strong bond between glycyrrhetinic acid and iNOS.Thus,the current study provides a pharmaceutical basis for GC and reveals the possible corresponding mechanisms in pneumonia treatment.

Experimental damage thresholds of a laser suppression imaging system using a cubic phase plate

The development of laser systems leads to an increasing threat to photoelectric imaging sensors.A cubic phase plate wavefront coding imaging system is proposed to reduce the risk of damage owing to intense laser radiation.Based on the wavefront coding imaging model,the diffracted spot profile and the light intensity distribution on the observation plane are simulated.An experimental device is set up to measure the laser-induced damage thresholds and investigate the morphology of laser-induced damage patterns of the conventional and the wavefront encoding imaging system.Simulations and experimental results manifest the superior laser suppression performance of the proposed method,which can help diminish the undesirable effects of laser irradiation on an imaging sensor.

Widely tunable and high resolution mid‑infrared laser based on BaGa_(4)Se_(7)optical parametric oscillator

The widely tunable and high resolution mid-infrared laser based on a BaGa_(4)Se_(7)(BGSe)optical parametric oscillator(OPO)was demonstrated.A wavelength tuning range of 2.76–4.64μm and a wavelength tuning resolution of about 0.3 nm were obtained by a BGSe(56.3°,0°)OPO,which was pumped by a 1064 nm laser.It is the narrowest reported wavelength tuning resolution for BGSe OPO,and was obtained by simultaneously controlling the angle and temperature of BGSe.

Identifying potential anti-COVID-19 pharmacological components of traditional Chinese medicine Lianhuaqingwen capsule based on human exposure and ACE2 biochromatography screening

Lianhuaqingwen(LHQW)capsule,a herb medicine product,has been clinically proved to be effective in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pneumonia treatment.However,human exposure to LHQW components and their pharmacological effects remain largely unknown.Hence,this study aimed to determine human exposure to LHQW components and their anti-COVID-19 pharmacological activities.Analysis of LHQW component profiles in human plasma and urine after repeated therapeutic dosing was conducted using a combination of HRMS and an untargeted data-mining approach,leading to detection of 132 LHQW prototype and metabolite components,which were absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract and formed via biotransformation in human,respectively.Together with data from screening by comprehensive 2 D angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)biochromatography,8 components in LHQW that were exposed to human and had potential ACE2 targeting ability were identified for further pharmacodynamic evaluation.Results show that rhein,forsythoside A,forsythoside I,neochlorogenic acid and its isomers exhibited high inhibitory effect on ACE2.For the first time,this study provides chemical and biochemical evidence for exploring molecular mechanisms of therapeutic effects of LHQW capsule for the treatment of COVID-19 patients based on the components exposed to human.It also demonstrates the utility of the human exposure-based approach to identify pharmaceutically active components in Chinese herb medicines.

Circular Airy beams realized via the photopatterning of liquid crystals[Invited]

The generation of an autofocusing circular Airy beam(CAB)is realized via a liquid crystal(LC)geometric phase plate with a simple configuration.The fabrication of the LC plate is based on the photoalignment technology and dynamic exposure skill.A focal length of 74 cm is obtained,and the propagation dynamics are consistent with the simulations.Besides,a defocusing CAB is also generated,and the switch between the autofocusing and defocusing CABs can be achieved by controlling the input polarization state.This work provides a convenient and flexible approach to acquire CABs,which will promote the CAB-related applications and researches.