Sexual dimorphism is a widespread phenomenon in many higher animals. The genes and gene networks that underlie sex differences are poorly understood. Using microarray data we analyzed sex-related differences in the gl...Sexual dimorphism is a widespread phenomenon in many higher animals. The genes and gene networks that underlie sex differences are poorly understood. Using microarray data we analyzed sex-related differences in the global expression profiles of silkworm genes from larval to pupal stages. Sex-biased genes could be divided into three clusters. Cluster 1 contained 932 genes that showed a female-biased expression trend at first and a male-biased trend afterward. Cluster 2 included 283 male-biased genes. Cluster 3 was comprised of 497 female-biased genes that were expressed during the late pupal stage. Cluster 1 genes were found to be related closely to cuticle proteins, hormones, binding proteins, enzyme regulators, structural proteins, transcription regulators and so on. Several genes in clusters 2 and 3 were associated with spermatogenesis and oogenesis, respectively. The chromosomal distribution of sex-biased genes showed evidence of chromosomal enrichment. In particular a large number of the silkworms＇ male-biased genes are located on the Z chromosome. These results provide new insights into the molecular differences that dictate sexual dimorphism in the silkworm.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the reasons for the establishment and operation models of China’s Local Government Financing Vehicles(LGFVs).We also outline the current literature on the structural arrangement and the d...In this paper,we investigate the reasons for the establishment and operation models of China’s Local Government Financing Vehicles(LGFVs).We also outline the current literature on the structural arrangement and the developments of LGFVs.Moreover,we employ the empirical analysis to examine the driv-ing factors of the financial performance of LGFVs.Using 1,042 LGFVs that issued debt securities during the period 2011–2016,we find that the financial performance of LGFVs is positively asso-ciated with local tax revenues,local education levels,local saving deposits,and firm size but negatively associated with local gov-ernment spending and firm leverage ratios.Based on our empir-ical findings,we finally propose policy recommendations for the establishment of relevant investment and financing platforms.展开更多
基金supported by the Commonwealth Scientific Foundation for Industry of Chinese Inspection and Quarantine (No.201210071) of the Ministry of National Science and Technology of ChinaChongqing Key Laboratory of Scientific Utilization of Tobacco Resources
文摘Sexual dimorphism is a widespread phenomenon in many higher animals. The genes and gene networks that underlie sex differences are poorly understood. Using microarray data we analyzed sex-related differences in the global expression profiles of silkworm genes from larval to pupal stages. Sex-biased genes could be divided into three clusters. Cluster 1 contained 932 genes that showed a female-biased expression trend at first and a male-biased trend afterward. Cluster 2 included 283 male-biased genes. Cluster 3 was comprised of 497 female-biased genes that were expressed during the late pupal stage. Cluster 1 genes were found to be related closely to cuticle proteins, hormones, binding proteins, enzyme regulators, structural proteins, transcription regulators and so on. Several genes in clusters 2 and 3 were associated with spermatogenesis and oogenesis, respectively. The chromosomal distribution of sex-biased genes showed evidence of chromosomal enrichment. In particular a large number of the silkworms＇ male-biased genes are located on the Z chromosome. These results provide new insights into the molecular differences that dictate sexual dimorphism in the silkworm.
基金supported by the MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities[16JJD790056]Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and the Research Funds of Renmin University of China[13XNJ003 and 20YYA01].
文摘In this paper,we investigate the reasons for the establishment and operation models of China’s Local Government Financing Vehicles(LGFVs).We also outline the current literature on the structural arrangement and the developments of LGFVs.Moreover,we employ the empirical analysis to examine the driv-ing factors of the financial performance of LGFVs.Using 1,042 LGFVs that issued debt securities during the period 2011–2016,we find that the financial performance of LGFVs is positively asso-ciated with local tax revenues,local education levels,local saving deposits,and firm size but negatively associated with local gov-ernment spending and firm leverage ratios.Based on our empir-ical findings,we finally propose policy recommendations for the establishment of relevant investment and financing platforms.
