3D geo-cellular static virtual outcrop model and its implications for reservoir petro-physical characteristics and heterogeneities

Geostatistical data plays a vibrant role for surface-based reservoir modeling through outcrop analogues,which is used to understand three-dimensional(3D)variability of petrophysical properties.The main purpose of this study is to improvise the surface-based 3D geo-modeling to demonstrate petrophysical characteristics and heterogeneities of Sandakan reservoirs,NW Borneo.We used point cloud data from Light Detection and Ranging(Li DAR)to build high-resolution virtual outcrop modeling(VOM)onto which we mapped 6 different lithofacies.Porosity and permeability of core plugs were measured to determine the average variance of petrophysical properties for each lithofacies.By utilizing the integration of VOMs analogues and petrophysical properties in Petrel^(TM),we demonstrated the distribution and associations of all lithofacies in pseudo wells that have inherent thin beds heterogeneities in 3D geocellular model.The results concluded that the heterogeneity of thin beds in lithofacies is dependent on porosity and permeability with input dataset.According to the final model,cross-bedding sandstone(CBS),hummocky cross-stratified sandstone(HCSS)and trough cross-bedding sandstone(TCBS)show good reservoir quality due to high porosity ranging from:25.6%to 20.4%and,19.3%-14.5%,and permeability ranging from:74.03 mD to 66.84 mD and,64.86 mD to 21.01 mD.In contrast,massive to weak laminae sandstone(MWLS)and bioturbated sandstone(BS)show fair to poor reservoir quality,caused baffling of surrounding mud sediments in the reservoir lithofacies.Results also revealed that Li DAR based VOM with petrophysical properties can significantly reduce the risk and minimize the cost of reservoir modeling in petroleum industry.

Effects of intrauterine infection in different periods on the placenta and endometrial blood vessel formation of pregnant mice and the growth and development of fetal rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of intrauterine infection in different periods on the placenta and endometrial blood vessel formation of pregnant rats and the growth and development of fetal rats.Methods:According to the random number table method,32 pregnant rats were divided into the early infection group,the mid-term infection group,the late infection group and the control group,with 8 rats in each group.On the 3rd,9th and 15th day of pregnancy,lipopolysaccharide was injected intraperitoneally to construct intrauterine infection models.The pregnant rats in the control group were intraperitoneally injected with the same dose of 0.9%sodium chloride solution.On the 18th day of pregnancy,the inflammatory factors[interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)],the blood vessel density of placenta and endometrium in the placental tissues of pregnant rats,dead fetus+absorbed fetus,the inflammatory factors IL-6,TNF-and oxidation reaction indicators[malondialdehyde(MDA)and myeloperoxidase(MPO)]in the fetal rat lung and brain tissues were detected.Results:The changing trend of IL-6 and TNF-levels in the placental tissues of pregnant rats with intrauterine infection in different periods was:the control group<the late infection group<the mid-term infection group<the early infection group,the differences were statistically significant(p<.05).The changing trend of fetal rat weight,placental weight and placental coefficient in the intrauterine infection groups in different periods was:the control group>the late infection group>the mid-term infection group>the early infection group,the differences were statistically significant(p<.05).The blood vessel density of placenta and endometrium,the mean number of fetuses,brain coefficient and lung coefficient in the late infection group were significantly increased in comparison with the early infection group and the mid-term infection group.The total number and the ratio of dead fetus+absorbed fetus,the levels of IL-6,TNF-,MDA and MPO in brain and lung tissues were significantly reduced,and the differences were statistically significant(p<.05).The blood vessel density of placenta and endometrium,brain coefficient and lung coefficient of pregnant rats in the mid-term infection group were significantly increased in comparison with the early infection group,and the differences were statistically significant(p<.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the other indicators between the two groups(p>.05).Conclusions:Intrauterine infection in different periods can inhibit placental and endometrial angiogenesis,and affect the survival rate of fetal rats and the growth and development of brain and lung.The reason may be related to the aggravation of fetal inflammatory responses and oxidative stress.The earlier the intrauterine infection occurs,the severer the adverse effects on the fetal rats will be.