Near Homogeneous Microphysics of the Record-Breaking 2020 Summer Monsoon Rainfall during the Northward Migration over East China

Knowledge of the raindrop size distribution(DSD)is crucial for disaster prevention and mitigation.The recordbreaking rainfall in the summer of 2020 caused some of the worst flooding ever experienced in China.This study uses 96 Parsivel disdrometers and eight-year Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)satellite observations to reveal the microphysical aspects of the disastrous rainfall during its northward migration over East China.The results show that the nearly twice as heavy rainfall in Jiangsu Province compared to Fujian Province can be attributed to the earlier-than-average northward jump of the summer monsoon rainband to the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley.The persistent heavy monsoon rainfall showed similar near-maritime DSD characteristics,with a higher concentration of small raindrops than the surrounding climatic regimes.During the northward movement of the rainband,the DSD variables and composite spectra between the pre-summer rainfall in Fujian and mei-yu rainfall in Jiangsu exhibited inherent similarities with slight regional variations.These are associated with similar statistical vertical precipitation structures for both convective and stratiform rain in these regions/periods.The vertical profiles of radar reflectivity and DSD parameters are typical of monsoonal rainfall features,implying the competition between coalescence,breakup,and accretion of vital warm rain processes.This study attributes the anomalously long duration of the mei-yu season for the record-breaking rainfall and reveals inherent homogeneous rainfall microphysics during the northward movement of the summer monsoon rainband.The conclusion is statistically robust and would be helpful for accurate precipitation estimation and model parameterization of summer monsoon rainfall over East China.

Effect of Diane-35 on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome of Different Subtypes

Objective: To explore the effect of Daine-35 on serum hormone and antral follicle count of different subtypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods: 138 cases of PCOS were recruited and typed according to Rotterdam diagnostic criteria;78 cases of tubal infertility without hyperandrogenism and menstrual disorders during the same period were collected as control. Serum reproductive hormones including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteotropic hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), total testosterone (TT) and fast insulin (INS) were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Ovarian antral follicle count was determined by ultrasonography. The effects on above indexes were evaluated for different subtypes of PCOS after 3 cycles of treatment with Daine-35. Results: The cases of Type A and Type B were respectively 43 (31.2%) and 73 (52.9%). They were the most common clinical phenotypes of PCOS in the central region ofChina. Total testosterone (TT) and DHEAS levels of Types A, C and D were higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The LH, LH/FSH, INS and HOMA-IR levels in all types of PCOS were higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Antral follicle counts of Types A, B and D were more than those of Type C and the control group (p < 0.05). After treatment with Daine-35 for 3 cycles, the serum TT levels of Types A, C and D decreased (p < 0.05). DHEAS values also decreased, but not significantly (p > 0.05). The serum LH and LH/FSH as well as the antral follicle count of all the PCOS types significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Type A and Type B are the most common clinical phenotypes of PCOS in the central region of China. Taking Daine-35 for 3 cycles can significantly reduce the serum androgen, serum LH, LH/FSH ratio, and antral follicle count of different PCOS types.

The molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the arsenic mining impacted sites in Hunan Province of China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） can establish a mutualistic association with most terrestrial plants even in heavy metal contaminated environments. It has been documented that high concentrations of toxic metals, such as arsenic（As） in soil could adversely affect the diversity and function of AMF. However, there are still gaps in understanding the community composition of AMF under long-term As contaminations. In the present study, six sampling sites with different As concentrations were selected in the Realgar mining area in Hunan Province of China. The AMF biodiversity in the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was investigated by sequencing the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA（SSU rR NA） gene fragments using 454-pyrosequencing technique. A total of 11 AMF genera were identified,namely Rhizophagus, Glomus, Funneliformis, Acaulospora, Diversispora, Claroideoglomus, Scutellopora,Gigaspora, Ambispora, Praglomus, and Archaeospora, among which Glomus, Rhizophagus, and Claroideoglomus clarodeum were detected in all sampling sites, and Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the Realgar mining area. Redundancy analysis indicated that soil pH, total As and Cd concentrations were the main factors influencing AMF community structure. There was a negative correlation between the AMF species richness and the total As concentration in the soil,but no significant correlation between the Shannon–Wiener index of the AMF and plants. Our study showed that high As concentrations can exert a selective effect on the AMF populations.

Soil phosphorus availability and rice phosphorus uptake in paddy fields under various agronomic practices

Agronomic practices affect soil phosphorus(P) availability, P uptake by plants, and subsequently the efficiency of P use. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various agronomic practices(straw incorporation, paddy water management, nitrogen(N) fertilizer dose, manure application,and biochar addition) on soil P availability(e.g., soil total P(STP), soil available P(SAP), soil microbial biomass P(SMBP), and rice P uptake as well as P use efficiency(PUE)) over four cropping seasons in a rice-rice cropping system, in subtropical central China. Compared to the non-straw treatment(control,using full dose of chemical N fertilizer), straw incorporation increased SAP and SMBP by 9.3%–18.5% and 15.5%–35.4%, respectively;substituting half the chemical N fertilizer dose with pig manure and the biochar application increased STP, SAP, and SMBP by 10.5%–48.3%, 30.2%–236.0%, and 19.8%–72.4%,respectively, mainly owing to increased soil P and organic carbon inputs;adding a half dose of N and no N input(reduced N treatments) increased STP and SAP by 2.6%–7.5% and 19.8%–33.7%, respectively, due to decreased soil P outputs. Thus, soil P availability was greatly affected by soil P input and use. The continuous flooding water regime without straw addition significantly decreased SMBP by 11.4% compared to corresponding treatments under a mid-season drainage water regime. Total P uptake by rice grains and straws at the harvest stage increased under straw incorporation and under pig manure application, but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under biochar application at a rate of 48 t ha-1, compared to the control. Rice P uptake was significantly positively correlated with rice biomass, and both were positively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, SAP, SMBP, and STP. Phosphorus use efficiency generally increased under straw incorporation but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under the manure application(with excessive P input), compared to the control. These results showed that straw incorporation can be used to increase soil P availability and PUE while decreasing the use of chemical P fertilizers. When substituting chemical fertilizers with pig manure, excess P inputs should be avoided in order to reduce P accumulation in the soil as well as the environmental risks from non-point source pollution.

The characteristics of RSDs before and after the landing Typhoon Meranti

The characteristics of raindrop size distribution during Typhoon Meranti,determined using disdrometer(LPA10)data collected from 14 to Sep.15,2016 in Fujian Province,China,were associated with different parts of the storm.From the front side of the rain band to the central region and then to the rear side or to the residual clouds of Typhoon Meranti,the top of the radar echo,reflectivity,raindrop number concentration and spectrum width all increased when Meranti moved close and then decreased as it moved away.Moreover,precipitation was produced from the stratiform to the oceanic convective and then to the oceanic convective-stratiform mixed clouds or to the stratiform.