Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Formation Mechanism of Anthocyanins Light-Independent Synthesis in Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum×morifolium is a horticultural crop which plays a vital role in theflower industry with signifi-cant economic value and has a cultivation history of over three thousand years in China.The accumulation of anthocyanins is always affected by light.Here,we revealed that anthocyanin accumulation is highly dependent on light in‘2021135’genotype chrysanthemum,while it is light-independent in‘2001402’genotype chrysanthe-mum.However,no literature has been reported regarding the non-photosensitive chrysanthemum in anthocya-nins light-independent synthesis pathways.Through the phenotype analysis of 44 F1 generations,we found that light-independence is a dominant trait which can be stable inherited by progeny.The transcriptome of the rayflorets of‘2021135’and‘2001402’under light and bagging treatment were sequenced and analyzed.Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),K-means analysis,and Real-Time Quantitative Poly-merase Chain Reaction(RT-qPCR)analysis,16 genes were highly correlated with the anthocyanin content.The anthocyanin content of rayflorets treated with different light-quality conditions indicated that blue light signifi-cantly affected anthocyanin accumulations.Through Yeast one-hybrid analysis,CmBIC1.1 and CmBIC1.2 can directly regulate the anthocyanin structural gene CmCHS2.In our study,we revealed the important characteristics of light-independent anthocyanin synthesis in chrysanthemums and screened regulatory factors in light-depen-dent and light-independent anthocyanin synthesis pathways.The results laid the groundwork for subsequent ana-lysis of the molecular mechanism involved in the light-independent synthesis of anthocyanins in chrysanthemums.

Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Synergistic Fertilizer on Enzymes and Genes Related to Nitrogen Metabolism in Wheat

In recent years,in order to improve nutrient use efficiency,especially nitrogen use efficiency,fertilizer valueadded technology has been developed rapidly.However,the mechanism of the effect of synergistic fertilizer on plant nitrogen utilization is not clear.A study was,therefore,conducted to explore the activities and gene expression of key enzymes for nitrogen assimilation and the gene expression of nitrogen transporters in wheat after the application of synergistic fertilizer.Soil column experiment was set up in Qingdao Agricultural University experimental base from October 2018 to June 2019.Maleic acid and itaconic acid were copolymerized with acrylic acid as cross-linking monomer to make a fluid gel,which was sprayed on the fertilizer surface to make nitrogen and phosphorus synergistic fertilizer.A total of 6 treatments was set according to different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer ratios:(1)100%common nitrogen fertilizer+100%common phosphate fertilizer(2)70%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+100%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer;(3)100%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+70%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer;(4)100%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+100%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer;(5)70%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+70%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer;(6)100%commercial nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+100%commercial phosphorus synergistic fertilizer.The results are as follows:(1)the enzyme activities of wheat plants under synergistic fertilizer condition were higher than those under ordinary fertilizer,except under the treatment that nitrogen and phosphorus synergistic fertilizer were both reduced;(2)the expression level of the genes under the treatment“100%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+100%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer”was significantly higher than those in other treatments.Combined with the higher performance of nitrogen concentration in various parts of the plant under the condition of applying synergistic fertilizer,this study indicated that the application of synergistic fertilizer can improve the nitrogen metabolism of the plant by increasing the nitrogen level in the rhizosphere soil,inducing the expression of nitrogen transporter genes and key assimilation enzymes genes.

Dark Response of Seedlings Evaluated by Chlorophyll Concentration in Maize Natural Population

Chlorophyll, one of the major chloroplast components for photosynthesis, has a positive relationship with the photosynthetic rate. The chlorophyll content is an important assessment parameter in agronomy and plant biology research. This study was conducted to evaluate the natural variation in the chlorophyll content and to determine the differential response of the chlorophyll concentration to dark treatment in a natural population containing 139 maize inbreds. A five-fold higher chlorophyll concentration was measured in the light compared with the dark. Meanwhile, the wide variation in the chlorophyll concentration showed the differential response of the natural maize population to dark. Finally, we identified some inbreds that were highly sensitive to the dark with more than 70% difference between the light and dark treatment, such as Dan598, Zheng29, Zheng35, DH29, and R08, as well as some inbreds that had lower sensitivity to the dark, with less than 35% difference in the chlorophyll content between the light and dark treatment, such as Chuan48-2, 4F1, 303WX, 9642, and LY042.

On the Academic Value and Influence of Wang Hao-gu’s ‘Yinzheng Lueli’

The magnum opus of the famous physician Wang Haogu in the Yuan Dynasty,"Yinzheng Lueli(Brief Examples of Yin Syndromes)",invented the"Yin Syndrome"theory based on"The Treatise on Febrile Diseases",systematically discussed the theory of"cold drinking leads to internal injury",and advocated the treatment of warm tonifying the spleen and kidney rather than heat tonification,initiated the study of"warm tonification"in the subsequent Ming and Qing Dynasties.These have played an important role in the inheritance and advancement of the Yishui School,and also have a profound impact on the Chinese medicine theory and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in later generations.

Out of Witchcraft to Zhuyou:Healing by Prayer

Zhuyou is one of the methods to treat diseases in ancient China.It is controversial in modern times because of its mysterious form.Based on the observation and analysis of literature records as well as the folk customs of traditional Chinese medicine,this article discusses the methods of treating herpes zoster and nocturnal fretfulness in infants by using Zhuyou,with a purpose to summarize its therapeutic mechanism and principle,while taking its essence to make use of the past to serve the present.

A Brief Reading of the Republic of China Era Journal "Chinese Medicine Pillar Monthly"

As one of the many traditional Chinese medicine journals in the Republic of China(ROC)era,the journal"Chinese Medicine Pillar Monthly"had been published for 11 consecutive years.It has rich content and covers a wide range of topics.It has important reference value for studying the direction of cultural development,political dynamics,and development trends of Chinese and Western medicine during the ROC era,and the journal was intended to spread the classics and clinical experience of traditional Chinese medicine,making it a medical treasure house.This paper mainly introduces the current status of the journal,the date of its inception,and its main content,features and contributions.

Computed tomography-based radiomics for prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy outcomes in locally advanced gastric cancer: A pilot study

Objective： The standard treatment for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer has relied on perioperativeradio-chemotherapy or chemotherapy and surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the wealth of radiomicsfor pre-treatment computed tomography （CT） in the prediction of the pathological response of locally advancedgastric cancer with preoperative chemotherapy.Methods： Thirty consecutive patients with CT-staged Ⅱ/Ⅲ gastric cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapywere enrolled in this study between December 2014 and March 2017. All patients underwent upper abdominal CTduring the unenhanced, late arterial phase （AP） and portal venous phase （PP） before the administration ofneoadjuvant chemotherapy. In total, 19,985 radiomics features were extracted in the AP and PP for each patient.Four methods were adopted during feature selection and eight methods were used in the process of building theclassifier model. Thirty-two combinations of feature selection and classification methods were examined. Receiveroperating characteristic （ROC） curves were used to evaluate the capability of each combination of feature selectionand classification method to predict a non-good response （non-GR） based on tumor regression grade （TRG）.Results： The mean area under the curve （AUC） ranged from 0.194 to 0.621 in the AP, and from 0.455 to 0.722in the PP, according to different combinations of feature selection and the classification methods. There was onlyone cross-combination machine-learning method indicating a relatively higher AUC （〉0.600） in the AP, while 12cross-combination machine-learning methods presented relatively higher AUCs （all 〉0.600） in the PP. The featureselection method adopted by a filter based on linear discriminant analysis ＋ classifier of random forest achieved asignificantly prognostic performance in the PP （AUC, 0.722~0.108; accuracy, 0.793; sensitivity, 0.636; specificity,0.889; Z=2.039; P=0.041）.Conclusions： It is possible to predict non-GR after neoadiuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced gastriccancers based on the radiomics of CT.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves local microenvironment after spinal cord injury

Clinical studies have shown that hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves motor function in patients with spinal cord injury. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms associated with the recovery of neurological function after hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a rat model of spinal cord injury. We established an acute spinal cord injury model using a modification of the free-falling object method, and treated the animals with oxygen at 0.2 MPa for 45 minutes, 4 hours after injury. The treatment was administered four times per day, for 3 days. Compared with model rats that did not receive the treatment, rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen had fewer apoptotic cells in spinal cord tissue, lower expression levels of aquaporin 4/9 mRNA and protein, and more NF-200 positive nerve fibers. Furthermore, they had smaller spinal cord cavities, rapid recovery of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials, and notably better recovery of hindlimb motor function than model rats. Our findings indicate that hyperbaric oxygen therapy reduces apoptosis, downregulates aquaporin 4/9 mRNA and protein expression in injured spinal cord tissue, improves the local microenvironment for nerve regeneration, and protects and repairs the spinal cord after injury.

Red fluorescent protein (DsRed2), an ideal reporter for cotton genetic transformation and molecular breeding

Genes encoding reporter proteins are used as visual marker-assisted tools in genetic transformation as well as plant breeding. In this study, the red fluorescent protein identified in Discosoma sp. coral(DsRed2) was successfully used as a visual marker for cotton genetic engineering. DsRed2 was successfully expressed in two cotton cultivars,JIN668 and YZ1, driven by the Ca MV-35 S promoter via the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Our results suggest that DsRed2 expression provides an early-stage selection tool for the transgenic calli via visual observation. Red fluorescence can be detected not only in callus and somatic embryos but also in most tissues and organs of mature plants. The transgenic line Yz-2-DsRed2 was crossed with four different cotton cultivars to assess the transgene heritability and stability in different genetic backgrounds.The heritability of the red color was highly stable when Yz-2-DsRed2 was used as a male parent. The DsRed2 gene expressed 100% in the F_1 hybrids. To investigate the relationship between DsRed2 transcription and DNA methylation, a methylation-specific PCR approach was applied to the Ca MV-35 S promoter region. The results showed a negative association between DNA methylation level in the promoter region and the transgene transcription.Taken together, these findings suggest DsRed2 a visual reporter gene for cotton genetic transformation and molecular breeding programs.

Prognostic value of a modified Immunoscore in patients with stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ resectable colon cancer

Objective: The Immunoscore method has proved fruitful for predicting prognosis in patients with colon cancer.However, there is still room for improvement in this scoring method to achieve further advances in its clinical translation. This study aimed to develop and validate a modified Immunoscore(IS-mod) system for predicting overall survival(OS) in patients with stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ colon cancer.Methods: The IS-mod was proposed by counting CD3+ and CD8+ immune cells in regions of the tumor core and its invasive margin by drawing two lines of interest. A discovery cohort(N=212) and validation cohort(N=103)from two centers were used to evaluate the prognostic value of the IS-mod.Results: In the discovery cohort, 5-year survival rates were 88.6% in the high IS-mod group and 60.7% in the low IS-mod group. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the IS-mod was an independent prognostic factor for OS[adjusted hazard ratio(HR)=0.36, 95% confidence interval(95% CI): 0.20-0.63]. With less annotation and computation cost, the IS-mod achieved performance comparable to that of the Immunoscore-like(IS-like) system(C-index, 0.676 vs. 0.661, P=0.231). The 2-category IS-mod using 47.5% as the threshold had a better prognostic value than that using a fixed threshold of 25%(C-index, 0.653 vs. 0.573, P=0.004). Similar results were confirmed in the validation cohort.Conclusions: Our method simplifies the annotation and accelerates the calculation of Immunoscore method,thus making it easier for clinical implementation. The IS-mod achieved comparable prognostic performance when compared to the IS-like system in both cohorts. Besides, we further found that even with a small reference set(N≥120), the IS-mod still demonstrated a stable prognostic value. This finding may inspire other institutions to develop a local reference set of an IS-mod system for more accurate risk stratification of colon cancer.

Mechanistic Applications of Nonlinear Effects in First-Row Transition-Metal Catalytic Systems

Knowledge of asymmetric catalytic reaction mechanism is very important for rational design and synthesis of new chiral catalysts or catalytic systems with high catalytic activity and stereoselectivity.The studies of nonlinear effect have attracted wide attentions as a simple and practical mechanistic tool to probe complex asymmetric catalytic reactions.

Iron phthalocyanine-catalyzed radical phosphinoylazidation of alkenes:A facile synthesis of β-azido-phosphine oxide with a fast azido transfer step

Phosphinoylazidation of alkenes is a direct method to build nitrogen-and phosphorus-containing compounds from feed-stock chemicals.Notwithstanding the advances in other phosphinyl radical related difunctionalization of alkenes,catalytic phosphinoylazidation of alkenes has not yet been reported.Here,we describe the first iron-catalyzed intermolecular phosphinoylazidation of styrenes and unactivated alkenes.The method is practically useful and requires a relatively low loading of catalyst.Mechanistic studies confirmed the radical nature of the reaction and disclosed the unusually low activation energy 4.8 kcal/mol of radical azido group transfer from the azidyl iron(III)phthalocyanine species(PcFeulN3)to a benzylic radical.This work may help to clarify the mechanism of iron-catalyzed azidation,inspire other mechanism studies and spur further synthetic applications.

Genotype Screening of Recipient Resources with High Regeneration and Transformation Efficiency in Chrysanthemum

Genetic transformation is one of the key steps in the molecular breeding of chrysanthemum,which relies on an optimal regeneration and transformation system.However,the regeneration system of different chrysanthemum cultivars varies,and the regeneration time of most cultivars is long.To screen cultivars with highly efficient regeneration,leaves and shoot tip thin cell layers(tTCL)from eight chrysanthemum cultivars with different flower colors and flower types were cultured on Murashige and Skoog media(MS)supplemented with 1.0-5.0 mg L^(−1)6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA)and 0.1-1.0 mg L^(−1)α-naphthaleneacetic(NAA).The results showed that the most efficient regeneration media were MS+6-BA 1.0 mg L^(−1)+NAA 0.5 mg L^(−1)for leaf explants and MS+6-BA 5.0 mg L^(−1)+NAA 0.1 mg L^(−1)for tTCL explants.Subsequently,another 13 chrysanthemum cultivars were screened by using the media,and finally,three cultivars with high regeneration efficiency were obtained from 21 cultivars.Among these,C1 had the highest regeneration efficiency:the regeneration rate of leaf explants reached 80.0%after 42 days of culture,and the regeneration rate of tTCL explants reached 100%after 31 days of culture.Furthermore,we also established the transformation system for C1 as follows:preculturing for one day,infecting with Agrobacterium suspension(OD_(600)=0.6)for 10 min,and cultivating in the regeneration medium with 350 mg L^(−1)carbenicillin and 10 mg L^(−1)kanamycin,thus ultimately achieving a transformation rate of 4.0%.In this study,a new chrysanthemum cultivar with an efficient regeneration and transformation system was screened,which is beneficial to enrich the flower color of chrysanthemum transgenic plant recipients and to the functional research of flower color or type-related genes.

Summary of the Origin and Development of Fragrant Medicine and Incense Culture

Fragrant medicine is a special kind of Chinese medicine,with complex sources and multiple functions.Fragrant medicine has captured the incense culture in this application,and this culture has spread overseas,as well as giving a huge impact.This article bases the history of transparent medicine and incense culture in an attempt to conquer the value of developing fragrant medicine and incense while seeking cultural roots.

Nutrient Removal and Algal Community Variation from Urban River with the Isolated Microalgal Strains <i>Chlorella</i>sp. and <i>Scenedesmus</i>sp.

The objectives of this study were to determine nutrient removal rates and algal community variation using the isolated microalgal strains Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. from an urban river water. The concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in river water declined after pouring into Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp., it was indicated that the Scenedesmus sp. had respective advantage in removing nitrogen (86% removal rate) and Chlorella sp. in removing phosphorous (95% removal rate). The algae community composition showed extreme sensitivity to change in the joint of the Scenedesmus or Chlorella, respectively, the lower diversity and higher dominance of algae can be observed in Scenedesmus group, there existed an opposite tendency in Chlorella group. The results demonstrated that the high potential of using Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. for nutrient removal from riverwater.

Brief Introduction to the Contribution of"Zhouhou Beijifang"to the Emergency Treatment in Traditional Chinese Medicine

As the first emergency treatment handbook in China,"Zhouhou Beijifang"recorded a large number of treatment methods used in attending to emergencies,and is known for its simplicity,convenience,low-cost and experience.This paper discusses the important value of moxibustion,nasal drug therapy,sublingual administration,emergency surgery and excretion-based drugs in the treatment of emergencies in the book,and discusses its significance and contribution to modem medicine in the history of emergency treatment.

Exploring the Development Prospects of Tibetan Medicine

Tibetan medicine is a“bright pearl in the treasure house”of traditional ethnic medicine in China.It has the benefits of a complete and time-honored theoretical development system of ethnic medicine,unique diagnosis and treatment methods with ethnic characteristics,as well as patent prescriptions that are summarized and developed for various diseases.However,obstacles such as high cost,complicated processing techniques and medication methods,as well as those in cultural exchanges are impeding the development process of Tibetan medicine.In an era where modern medical technologies and traditional Chinese medicine are advancing hand in hand,this paper proposes strategies to promote Tibetan medicine’s industrialization,policy support,social attention,and internationalization,in order to advance the use of Tibetan medicine in serving a greater number of people with its unique benefits,and thus realizing the dream of“Healthy China.”

Research on the Dissemination and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dietotherapy Culture

The traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)culture has seen an unprecedented rise in popularity across the world in recent years,as China’s international stature has improved,and its cultural soft power has grown.At the same time,people are becoming more aware of all kinds of respiratory and cerebrovascular diseases,along with other health-concerning factors.Therefore,people are gradually casting their eyes on TCM dietotherapy culture,which has been studied by the Chinese people for thousands of years and has made indelible contributions to the prevention and treatment of diseases and the Chinese nation’s longevity.However,its principle of action,prevention and control efficacy,as well as standards have been questioned;thus,its development prospects are of concern to the people.On this basis,this study explores the development status,transmission channels,and development prospects of TCM dietotherapy culture.

Reflections on Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture Teaching in the Context of International Chinese Education

With the development of the times,both international Chinese education and traditional Chinese medicine have ushered in not only great potential development opportunities,but also various challenges.Traditional Chinese medicine culture has gradually gained international recognition,and many foreign students are now choosing to study traditional Chinese medicine.Therefore,the development of international Chinese education needs to embody traditional Chinese medicine culture teaching,which can promote the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.At the same time,encountering problems such as cultural differences ensue the need for improving the teaching system,which lacks teaching practice.On this basis,strategies such as exploring the teaching mode of traditional Chinese medicine culture,cultivating a team of high-quality international Chinese teachers,and creating experience courses with characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine culture have been put forward,so as to enhance the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine culture and promote the development of international Chinese education.

Analysis on the Culture behind Worship to Traditional Chinese Medicine Master Sun Simiao

Worship to traditional Chinese medicine mater Sun Simiao is rooted in the traditional Chinese culture of Confucianism and Taoism,which attaches great importance to life and life in this world.The development and spread of Taoism is a platform for the promotion of traditional Chinese medicine master Sun Simiao.People's demand for medicine and health care is the basis of the folk culture behind worship to Sun Simiao.Medicine master culture of and worship to Sun Simiaors promoted people's healthy life and national prosperity,so it was widely recognized and spread.