Constructing Built-In Electric Fields with Semiconductor Junctions and Schottky Junctions Based on Mo-MXene/Mo-Metal Sulfides for Electromagnetic Response

The exploration of novel multivariate heterostructures has emerged as a pivotal strategy for developing high-performance electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption materials.However,the loss mechanism in traditional heterostructures is relatively simple,guided by empirical observations,and is not monotonous.In this work,we presented a novel semiconductor-semiconductor-metal heterostructure sys-tem,Mo-MXene/Mo-metal sulfides(metal=Sn,Fe,Mn,Co,Ni,Zn,and Cu),including semiconductor junctions and Mott-Schottky junctions.By skillfully combining these distinct functional components(Mo-MXene,MoS_(2),metal sulfides),we can engineer a multiple heterogeneous interface with superior absorption capabilities,broad effective absorption bandwidths,and ultrathin matching thickness.The successful establishment of semiconductor-semiconductor-metal heterostructures gives rise to a built-in electric field that intensifies electron transfer,as confirmed by density functional theory,which collaborates with multiple dielectric polarization mechanisms to substantially amplify EMW absorption.We detailed a successful synthesis of a series of Mo-MXene/Mo-metal sulfides featuring both semiconductor-semiconductor and semiconductor-metal interfaces.The achievements were most pronounced in Mo-MXene/Mo-Sn sulfide,which achieved remarkable reflection loss values of-70.6 dB at a matching thickness of only 1.885 mm.Radar cross-section calculations indicate that these MXene/Mo-metal sulfides have tremendous potential in practical military stealth technology.This work marks a departure from conventional component design limitations and presents a novel pathway for the creation of advanced MXene-based composites with potent EMW absorption capabilities.

面向工业化种植的光热管理农膜——机遇与挑战

As indispensable parts of greenhouses and plant factories,agricultural covering films play a prominent role in regulating microclimate environments.Polyethylene covering films directly transmit the full solar spectrum.However,this high level of sunlight transmission may be inappropriate or even harmful for crops with specific photothermal requirements.Modern greenhouses are integrated with agricultural covering materials,heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems,and smart irrigation and communication technologies to maximize planting efficiency.This review provides insight into the photothermal requirements of crops and ways to meet these requirements,including new materials based on passive radiative cooling and light scattering,simulations to evaluate the energy consumption and environmental conditions in a greenhouse,and data mining to identify key biological growth factors and thereby improve new covering films.Finally,future challenges and directions for photothermalmanagement agricultural films are elaborated on to bridge the gap between lab-scale research and large-scale practical applications.

Peptide drugs: a new direction in cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach in cancer treatment and is considered a major advancement after surgical interventions, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The clinical use of immunotherapeutic drugs, particularly antibody-based drugs that target immune checkpoints, has notably increased~1.

钯催化串联环化反应合成2-苄基-3,4-二羰基-6-苯基-9-乙烯基-2-氮杂螺[4.4]壬烷-7,7-二羧酸乙酯——介绍一个有机化学综合实验

开展有机化学综合实验有利于锻炼学生的实验技能,培养学生的创新能力,激发学生的独立思考能力和研究意识。本文介绍了一个有机化学综合实验,以2-乙烯基环丙烷-1,1-二甲酸二乙酯和1-苄基-4-亚苄基-2,3-吡咯烷酮为反应物,利用钯催化串联环化反应合成2-苄基-3,4-二羰基-6-苯基-9-乙烯基-2-氮杂螺[4.4]壬烷-7,7-二羧酸乙酯,并利用核磁共振氢谱(^(1)H NMR)、碳谱(^(13)C NMR)和高分辨质谱(HRMS)对产物结构进行表征。

Electrochromic-Induced Rechargeable Aqueous Batteries: An Integrated Multifunctional System for Cross-Domain Applications

Multifunctional electrochromic-induced rechargeable aqueous batteries(MERABs) integrate electrochromism and aqueous ion batteries into one platform, which is able to deliver the conversion and storage of photo-thermal-electrochemical sources.Aqueous ion batteries compensate for the drawbacks of slow kinetic reactions and unsatisfied storage capacities of electrochromic devices. On the other hand, electrochromic technology can enable dynamically regulation of solar light and heat radiation. However,MERABs still face several technical issues, including a trade-off between electrochromic and electrochemical performance, low conversion efficiency and poor service life. In this connection, novel device configuration and electrode materials, and an optimized compatibility need to be considered for multidisciplinary applications. In this review,the unique advantages, key challenges and advanced applications are elucidated in a timely and comprehensive manner. Firstly, the prerequisites for effective integration of the working mechanism and device configuration, as well as the choice of electrode materials are examined. Secondly, the latest advances in the applications of MERABs are discussed, including wearable, self-powered, integrated systems and multisystem conversion. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and future development are outlined, highlighting the giant leap required from laboratory prototypes to large-scale production and eventual commercialization.

Advances in Mn‑Based Electrode Materials for Aqueous Sodium‑Ion Batteries

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries have attracted extensive attention for large-scale energy storage applications,due to abundant sodium resources,low cost,intrinsic safety of aqueous electrolytes and eco-friendliness.The electrochemical performance of aqueous sodium-ion batteries is affected by the properties of electrode materials and electrolytes.Among various electrode materials,Mn-based electrode materials have attracted tremendous attention because of the abundance of Mn,low cost,nontoxicity,eco-friendliness and interesting electrochemical performance.Aqueous electrolytes having narrow electrochemical window also affect the electrochemical performance of Mn-based electrode materials.In this review,we introduce systematically Mn-based electrode materials for aqueous sodium-ion batteries from cathode and anode materials and offer a comprehensive overview about their recent development.These Mn-based materials include oxides,Prussian blue analogues and polyanion compounds.We summarize and discuss the composition,crystal structure,morphology and electrochemical properties of Mn-based electrode materials.The improvement methods based on electrolyte optimization,element doping or substitution,optimization of morphology and carbon modification are highlighted.The perspectives of Mn-based electrode materials for future studies are also provided.We believe this review is important and helpful to explore and apply Mn-based electrode materials in aqueous sodium-ion batteries.

有机化学在线课堂教学实践探索

2020年春季学期受到新冠肺炎疫情的影响,全国各地高校的教学工作无法正常开展。我校积极响应教育部提出的“停课不停教、停课不停学”要求,利用“雨课堂”和“腾讯会议”等教学软件对学生进行在线课堂教学。本文以有机化学教学为例,介绍了在线课堂教学的实施过程和教学效果。针对在线课堂教学的特殊性,改变教学模式,确保教学工作正常有序进行。

Underwater pulsed spark discharge influenced by the relative position between the top of a pin electrode and an insulating tube

Needle-to-plane geometry has been widely investigated and used in underwater pulsed discharges.The position relationship between the needle tip and insulation layer significantly affects the discharge patterns.We carried out experiments on underwater pulsed discharge with the needle tip protruding from,recessing into,and flushing with the insulating tube.The results are as follows.First,underwater pulsed discharge has a strong randomness under the experimental conditions.Different discharge patterns appeared under the same experimental environment.Second,recession into the insulator surface led to a higher probability of occurrence but a lower strength of spark discharge than protrusion.Third,between the needle tip protruding from and recessing into the insulation material,the average speed of propagation of underwater pulsed spark discharge decreased by an order of magnitude.The study shows that the optimum length of needle tip protruding from the insulation layer is 1 mm to obtain a strong underwater pulsed spark discharge.

Development of LAG-3/FGL1 blocking peptide and combination with radiotherapy for cancer immunotherapy

Aside from antibodies,peptides show great potential as immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)due to several advantages,such as better tumor penetration and lower cost.Lymphocyte-activation gene 3(LAG-3)is an immune checkpoint which can induce T cell dysfunction through interaction with its soluble ligand fibrinogen like protein-1(FGL1).Here,we found that LAG-3 expression was higher than programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)in multiple human cancers by TCGA databases,and successfully identified a LAG-3 binding peptide LFP-6 by phage display bio-panning,which specifically blocks the interaction of LAG-3/FGL1 but not LAG-3/MHC-II.Subsequently,D-amino acids were introduced to substitute the N-and C-terminus of LFP-6 to obtain the proteolysis-resistant peptide LFP-D1,which restores T cell function in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo.Further,a bispecific peptide LFOP targeting both PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3/FGL1 was designed by conjugating LFP-D1 with PD-1/PD-L1blocking peptide OPBP-1(8-12),which activates T cell with enhanced proliferation and IFN-γ production.More importantly,LFOP combined with radiotherapy significantly improve the T cell infiltration in tumor and elevate systemic antitumor immune response.In conclusion,we developed a novel peptide blocking LAG-3/FGL1 which can restore T cell function,and the bispecific peptide synergizes with radiotherapy to further enhance the antitumor immune response.

Logic-gated tumor-microenvironment nanoamplifier enables targeted delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for multimodal cancer therapy

Recent innovations in nanomaterials inspire abundant novel tumor-targeting CRISPR-based gene therapies.However,the therapeutic efficiency of traditional targeted nanotherapeutic strategies is limited by that the biomarkers vary in a spatiotemporal-dependent manner with tumor progression.Here,we propose a self-amplifying logic-gated gene editing strategy for gene/H_(2)O_(2)-mediated/starvation multimodal cancer therapy.In this approach,a hypoxia-degradable covalent-organic framework(COF) is synthesized to coat a-ZIF-8 in which glucose oxidase(GOx) and CRISPR system are packaged.To intensify intracellular redox dyshomeostasis,DNAzymes which can cleave catalase mRNA are loaded as well.When the nano system gets into the tumor,the weakly acidic and hypoxic microenvironment degrades the ZIF-8@COF to activate GOx,which amplifies intracellular H^(+)and hypoxia,accelerating the nanocarrier degradation to guarantee available CRISPR plasmid and GOx release in target cells.These tandem reactions deplete glucose and oxygen,leading to logic-gated-triggered gene editing as well as synergistic gene/H_(2)O_(2)-mediated/starvation therapy.Overall,this approach highlights the biocomputing-based CRISPR delivery and underscores the great potential of precise cancer therapy.

Hemin blocks TIGIT/PVR interaction and induces ferroptosis to elicit synergistic effects of cancer immunotherapy

The immune checkpoint TIGIT/PVR blockade exhibits significant antitumor effects through activation of NK and CD8^(+)T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.Immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)could induce tumor ferroptosis through IFN-γreleased by immune cells,indicating the synergetic effects of ICB with ferroptosis in inhibiting tumor growth.However,the development of TIGIT/PVR inhibitors with ferroptosis-inducing effects has not been explored yet.In this study,the small molecule Hemin that could bind withTIGIT to block TIGIT/PVR interaction was screened by virtual molecular docking and cell-based blocking assay.Hemin could effectively restore the IL-2 secretion from Jurkat-hTIGIT cells.Hemin reinvigorated the function of CD8^(+)T cells to secrete IFN-γand the elevated IFN-γcould synergize with Hemin to induce ferroptosis in tumor cells.Hemin inhibited tumor growth by boosting CD8^(+)T cell immune response and inducing ferroptosis in CT26 tumor model.More importantly,Hemin in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade exhibited more effective antitumor efficacy in anti-PD-1 resistant B16 tumor model.In summary,our finding indicated that Hemin blocked TIGIT/PVR interaction and induced tumor cell ferroptosis,which provided a new therapeutic strategy to combine immunotherapy and ferroptosis for cancer treatment.

Oral pyroptosis nanoinhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is an autoimmune gastrointestinal disease characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation of the intestine.Excessive pyroptosis that exists in the inflamed intestine can activate damage signals and aggravate local inflammation in IBD.Here,we designed an oral pyroptosis nanoinhibitor,DXMS@CuM@PPADT@PSS(DCMP),which can target intestinal lesions,and respond to reactive oxygen species(ROS)to release active sites and drugs at the lesion.DCMP can inhibit the activation of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)inflammasomes by scavenging ROS,resulting in the down-regulation of gasdermin D(GSDMD)cleavage thus inhibiting pyroptosis.It also improved intestinal barrier function,decreased inflammatory cytokine levels,and increased the diversity of gut microbiota in mice with colitis.This work is believed to expand the biomedical application of nanomaterials for innate immunity modulation.

Design of a novel chimeric peptide via dual blockade of CD47/SIRPαand PD-1/PD-L1 for cancer immunotherapy

Although immune checkpoint inhibition has been shown to effectively activate antitumor immunity in various tumor types,only a small subset of patients can benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.CD47 expressed on tumor cells protects them from phagocytosis through interaction with SIRPαon macrophages,while PD-L1 dampens T cell-mediated tumor killing.Therefore,dual targeting PD-L1 and CD47 may improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.A chimeric peptide Pal-DMPOP was designed by conjugating the double mutation of CD47/SIRPαblocking peptide(DMP)with the truncation of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking peptide OPBP-1(8-12)and was modified by a palmitic acid tail.Pal-DMPOP can significantly enhance macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells and activate primary T cells to secret IFN-γin vitro.Due to its superior hydrolysis-resistant activity as well as tumor tissue and lymph node targeting properties,Pal-DMPOP elicited stronger anti-tumor potency than Pal-DMP or OPBP-1(8-12)in immune-competent MC38 tumor-bearing mice.The in vivo anti-tumor activity was further validated in the colorectal CT26 tumor model.Furthermore,Pal-DMPOP mobilized macrophage and T-cell anti-tumor responses with minimal toxicity.Overall,the first bispecific CD47/SIRPαand PD-1/PD-L1 dual-blockade chimeric peptide was designed and exhibited synergistic anti-tumor efficacy via CD8^(+)T cell activation and macrophage-mediated immune response.The strategy could pave the way for designing effective therapeutic agents for cancer immunotherapy.

Identification and optimization of peptide inhibitors to block VISTA/PSGL-1 interaction for cancer immunotherapy

Developing new therapeutic agents for cancer immunotherapy is highly demanding due to the low response ratio of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in cancer patients.Here,we discovered that the novel immune checkpoint VISTA is highly expressed on a variety of tumor-infiltrating immune cells,especially myeloid derived suppressor cells(MDSCs)and CD8^(+)T cells.Then,peptide C1 with binding affinity to VISTA was developed by phage displayed bio-panning technique,and its mutant peptide VS3 was obtained by molecular docking based mutation.Peptide VS3 could bind VISTA with high affinity and block its interaction with ligand PSGL-1 under acidic condition,and elicit anti-tumor activity in vivo.The peptide DVS3-Pal was further designed by D-amino acid substitution and fatty acid modification,which exhibited strong proteolytic stability and significant anti-tumor activity through enhancing CD8^(+)T cell function and decreasing MDSCs infiltration.This is the first study to develop peptides to block VISTA/PSGL-1 interaction,which could act as promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy.

Deep eutectic solvent-based gel electrolytes for flexible electrochromic devices with excellent high/low temperature durability

With the increasing interest in the application of electrochromism to flexible and wearable electronics in recent years,flexible electrochromic devices(ECDs)that can function at extreme temperatures are required.However,the functionalities of flexible ECDs are severely hampered by the inadequate choice of electrolytes,which might ultimately result in performance fading during low-and high-temperature operations.Here,we develop a deep eutectic solvent(DES)-based gel electrolyte that can maintain its optical,electrical,and mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures(-40 to 150℃),exhibiting an extremely high visible-range transmittance over 90%,ion conductivity of 0.63 mS cm^(-1),and fracture strain exceeding 2000%.Owing to the excellent processability of the DES-based electrolytes,provided by dynamic interactions such as the lithium and hydrogen bonding between the DES and polymer matrix,a directly written patterning in ECDs is realized for the first time.The fabricated ECDs exhibit an excellent electrochromic behavior superior to the behavior of the ECDs fabricated with traditional gel electrolytes.The introduction of such DES-based electrolytes is expected to pave the way for a widespread application of electrochromic products.

Emerging trends in organ-on-a-chip systems for drug screening

New drug discovery is under growing pressure to satisfy the demand from a wide range of domains, especially from the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare services. Assessment of drug efficacy and safety prior to human clinical trials is a crucial part of drug development, which deserves greater emphasis to reduce the cost and time in drug discovery. Recent advances in microfabrication and tissue engineering have given rise to organ-on-a-chip, an in vitro model capable of recapitulating human organ functions in vivo and providing insight into disease pathophysiology, which offers a potential alternative to animal models for more efficient pre-clinical screening of drug candidates. In this review, we first give a snapshot of general considerations for organ-on-a-chip device design. Then, we comprehensively review the recent advances in organ-on-a-chip for drug screening. Finally, we summarize some key challenges of the progress in this field and discuss future prospects of organ-on-a-chip development. Overall,this review highlights the new avenue that organ-on-a-chip opens for drug development, therapeutic innovation, and precision medicine.

Fe_(3)O_(4)@C 3D foam for strong low-frequency microwave absorption

Low-frequency microwave absorbing materials have been challenging for many years.Three-dimensional dielectric/magnetic porous materials are beneficial for improving the low-frequency microwave absorbing performance because of natural resonance and improved impedance matching.In this study,Fe_(3)O_(4)@C 3D foam was prepared by carbothermal reduction method and the microwave attenuation performances and mechanisms were studied.By adjusting the content of Fe_(3)O_(4)@C 3D foam in paraffin composites,the low-frequency microwave attenuation capacity could be effectively optimized.The minimum reflection loss(RLmin)of paraffin composite with 40%(in mass fraction)loading exhibits-54.7 dB at 4.1 GHz for a thickness of 4.0 mm.Surprisingly,the paraffin composite with 50%(in mass fraction)loading could almost cover 2–4 GHz(S-band)in the thickness range of 3.5–5.5 mm.The strong low-frequency microwave attenuation property of Fe_(3)O_(4)@C 3D foam is mainly attributed to excellent low-frequency impedance matching,natural resonance,interfacial/dipole polarization,multiple reflection and scattering.This method provides a new perspective for preparing lightweight and high performance low-frequency microwave absorbing materials.

Silvaco TCAD模拟应用三层氢化纳晶硅薄膜改善IBC-SHJ太阳电池的电学性能并扩大其工艺窗口

叉指式背接触硅异质结(IBC-SHJ)太阳电池由于其优异的光学性能备受关注,但是较低的填充因子(FF)限制了其转换效率.本文中,我们用Silvaco TCAD软件模拟了IBC-SHJ太阳电池,发现p-n结和高低结收集载流子的能力有很大差异.高低结内建电场较弱,难以收集电子是FF较低的主要原因.因此,我们用氢化纳晶硅(nc-Si:H)薄膜来代替氢化非晶硅(a-Si:H)薄膜,并且在nc-Si:H薄膜表面覆盖一层超薄高掺杂层进一步提高了载流子传输效率,获得了高达85.3%的FF.此外,三层nc-Si:H薄膜还提高了工艺生产中对掺杂层厚度的容错性,这大大扩展了IBCSHJ太阳电池的工艺窗口.这项工作为解决IBC-SHJ太阳电池的电学问题提供了一条有效的途径,对工艺生产中IBC-SHJ太阳电池的设计具有指导意义.

TiO_(2)-carbon porous nanostructures for immobilization and conversion of polysulfides

Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are among the most promising series of next-generation high density energy storage systems.However,the problem of“shuttle effect”caused by dissolution and migration of polysulfide intermediates has severely inhibited their practical applications.Herein,TiO_(2)-carbon nanocomposites embedded hierarchical porous carbon(T-hPC)interlayers are fabricated via Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene assisted phase separation and annealing method.The T-hPC processes micro-to macro-scale multipores along with highly adsorptive and catalytic carbon supported TiO_(2) nanoparticles,which significantly enhances the polysulfides immobilization and improves the redox reaction kinetics when applied as lithium-sulfur battery interlayers.An initial discharge specific capacity of 1551.1 m Ah/g and a stable capacity of 893.8 m Ah/g after 200 cycles at 0.5 C are obtained,corresponding to a capacity decay rate of only 0.04%per cycle.The investigations in this paper can provide a simple and effective strategy to enhance the electrochemical properties for lithium-sulfur batteries.

Dielectric response--A nondestructive approach to probing the micro‐interface of aluminium hydroxide filled silicone rubber composites for outdoor insulation

Composite polymer dielectrics have strong electrical,mechanical,thermal and environmental properties but experience both high electric fields and harsh environmental conditions as outdoor insulation.The present investigation of the stress-strain characteristics and morphology of the fracture cross-section reveal the risk of a weakly bonded interface between the aluminium hydroxide(ATH)filler and silicone rubber used for insulators in transmission lines and substations.Dielectric response measurements are proposed as a non-destructive probe of the interface quality.An analysis,based on the Dissado–Hill model,indicated that the introduction of ATH interfaces gave rise to a quasi-DC process,in which charge transport is in the form of hopping along the weakly bonded interfaces.A schematic plan is proposed that would allow such an analysis to be used to obtain quantitative information correlated to the status of the weakly bonded interface for the diagnosis of micro-interface quality in ATH-filled silicone rubber and dielectric composites in general.