Visual Semantic Segmentation Based on Few/Zero-Shot Learning:An Overview

Visual semantic segmentation aims at separating a visual sample into diverse blocks with specific semantic attributes and identifying the category for each block,and it plays a crucial role in environmental perception.Conventional learning-based visual semantic segmentation approaches count heavily on largescale training data with dense annotations and consistently fail to estimate accurate semantic labels for unseen categories.This obstruction spurs a craze for studying visual semantic segmentation with the assistance of few/zero-shot learning.The emergence and rapid progress of few/zero-shot visual semantic segmentation make it possible to learn unseen categories from a few labeled or even zero-labeled samples,which advances the extension to practical applications.Therefore,this paper focuses on the recently published few/zero-shot visual semantic segmentation methods varying from 2D to 3D space and explores the commonalities and discrepancies of technical settlements under different segmentation circumstances.Specifically,the preliminaries on few/zeroshot visual semantic segmentation,including the problem definitions,typical datasets,and technical remedies,are briefly reviewed and discussed.Moreover,three typical instantiations are involved to uncover the interactions of few/zero-shot learning with visual semantic segmentation,including image semantic segmentation,video object segmentation,and 3D segmentation.Finally,the future challenges of few/zero-shot visual semantic segmentation are discussed.

ZnO Additive Boosts Charging Speed and Cycling Stability of Electrolytic Zn–Mn Batteries

Electrolytic aqueous zinc-manganese(Zn–Mn) batteries have the advantage of high discharge voltage and high capacity due to two-electron reactions. However, the pitfall of electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries is the sluggish deposition reaction kinetics of manganese oxide during the charge process and short cycle life. We show that, incorporating ZnO electrolyte additive can form a neutral and highly viscous gel-like electrolyte and render a new form of electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries with significantly improved charging capabilities. Specifically, the ZnO gel-like electrolyte activates the zinc sulfate hydroxide hydrate assisted Mn^(2+) deposition reaction and induces phase and structure change of the deposited manganese oxide(Zn_(2)Mn_(3)O_8·H_(2)O nanorods array), resulting in a significant enhancement of the charge capability and discharge efficiency. The charge capacity increases to 2.5 mAh cm^(-2) after 1 h constant-voltage charging at 2.0 V vs. Zn/Zn^(2+), and the capacity can retain for up to 2000 cycles with negligible attenuation. This research lays the foundation for the advancement of electrolytic Zn–Mn batteries with enhanced charging capability.

Nano-Ni-Induced Electronic Modulation of MoS_(2) Nanosheets Enables Energy-Saving H_(2) Production and Sulfide Degradation

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and sulfion(S^(2-))recycling are promising strategies for boosting H_(2)production and removing environmental pollutants.Here,a nano-Ni-functionalized molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))nanosheet was assembled on steel mesh(Ni-MoS_(2)/SM)for use in sulfide oxidation reaction-assisted,energy-saving H_(2)production.Experimental and theoretical calculation results revealed that anchoring nano-Ni on high-surface-area slack MoS_(2)nanosheets not only optimized catalyst adsorption of polysulfides but also played an important role in promoting hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics by absorbing OH_(ad),thereby greatly enhancing the catalytic performance toward sulfide oxidation reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction.Meanwhile,the Ni/MoS^(2-)based hydrogen evolution reaction+sulfide oxidation reaction system achieved nearly 100%hydrogen production efficiency and only consumed 61%less power per kWh than the oxygen evolution reaction+hydrogen evolution reaction system,which suggested our proposed Ni-MoS_(2)and novel hydrogen production system are promising for sustainable energy production.

常见鞍区肿瘤患者视网膜微血管密度与视野损害的相关性研究

目的:观察常见鞍区肿瘤患者视网膜微血管密度的变化,及与视野损伤的相关性,探索其在评估鞍区肿瘤患者视神经损伤中的应用价值。方法:横断面研究,选取2018-10/2022-05在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科和眼科就诊的常见鞍区肿瘤患者157例292眼(垂体腺瘤82例152眼、颅咽管瘤75例140眼),收集同期就诊于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院眼科患者的家属、本院学生及工作人员90例180眼作为对照组。所有受检者均进行OCTA检查。比较两组受检者视网膜微血管密度变化,及其与视野参数的相关性。结果:鞍区肿瘤组患者视乳头放射状毛细血管网(RPC)和黄斑区浅层毛细血管丛(SRCP)密度均较对照组降低[50.81%(46.49%,53.49%)vs 52.78%(50.73%,54.51%)和50.57%(48.13%,52.73%)vs 51.63%(49.78%,53.02%),均P<0.05]。颅咽管瘤组患者RPC密度较垂体腺瘤组患者更低[49.71%(44.33%,53.14%)vs 51.37%(47.42%,53.95%),P<0.05]。鞍区肿瘤组患者视野MD值为-4.33(-12.22,-1.85)dB,PSD值为3.37(1.91,8.82)dB,VFI为92%(65%,97%)。鞍区肿瘤患者各象限RPC密度与MD、VFI正相关,与PSD负相关,各象限SRCP密度与MD正相关,除Para-T外其余各象限与VFI正相关,与PSD负相关(均P<0.05)。结论:鞍区肿瘤患者的视网膜微血管密度降低,血管密度越低,视野损害越严重。在临床工作中,将OCTA检查与视野检查结合起来,更有助于发现患者的视神经损害。

A Brief Overview of ChatGPT:The History,Status Quo and Potential Future Development

ChatG PT,an artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) model developed by OpenAI,has attracted worldwide attention for its capability of dealing with challenging language understanding and generation tasks in the form of conversations.This paper briefly provides an overview on the history,status quo and potential future development of ChatGPT,helping to provide an entry point to think about ChatGPT.Specifically,from the limited open-accessed resources,we conclude the core techniques of ChatGPT,mainly including large-scale language models,in-context learning,reinforcement learning from human feedback and the key technical steps for developing ChatGPT.We further analyze the pros and cons of ChatGPT and we rethink the duality of ChatGPT in various fields.Although it has been widely acknowledged that ChatGPT brings plenty of opportunities for various fields,mankind should still treat and use ChatG PT properly to avoid the potential threat,e.g.,academic integrity and safety challenge.Finally,we discuss several open problems as the potential development of ChatGPT.

污水处理厂不同粒径生物气溶胶负载肠杆菌科细菌分布特征及影响因素

为探究污水处理厂不同粒径生物气溶胶负载肠杆菌科分布特征及影响因素,在江苏省某污水处理厂厂界内及周边采集了不同季节不同粒径生物气溶胶样本,并分析其负载的肠杆菌科浓度。对于生物气溶胶负载的总肠杆菌科及其可吸入性片段,冬季是最主要的逸散季节,而污泥脱水间是最主要的释放单元。污水处理厂不同粒径生物气溶胶负载肠杆菌科的分布特征存在显著的季节性差异和处理单元间差异。相比于上风向,厂界内和下风向生物气溶胶具有更高的肠杆菌科总浓度、可吸入性片段浓度及相对比例。厂界内与上风向生物气溶胶负载肠杆菌科的粒径分布存在显著的差异性,差异度为64.32%;而厂界内与下风向生物气溶胶负载肠杆菌科的粒径分布的差异性不显著,且差异度下降至32.17%。相对湿度、温度、风速和光照强度均对污水处理厂不同粒径生物气溶胶负载肠杆菌科的分布存在显著影响(P<0.05);其中,相对湿度是最主要的影响因素。该研究可为污水处理厂生物气溶胶污染的风险评估和控制提供理论依据。

不同回用途径下再生水中药物对人体健康与生态风险评价

随着再生水的广泛应用,十分有必要对其在回用过程中对人体健康以及水生态环境带来的潜在风险进行评价。以氧氟沙星(OFL)、罗红霉素(ROX)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、四环素(TC)以及对乙酰氨基酚(AP)5种典型药物为研究对象,对再生水在城市绿化、道路降尘、景观用水、家用绿化、冲洗厕所等5种不同回用途径下对人体健康造成的潜在风险进行了评价,并对该再生水用作河道生态补水时造成的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,污水处理厂三级出水中的药物残留在各回用途径中对暴露人群造成的健康风险可忽略。再生水补给河道舞阳路河段和入海口河段均是OFL残留浓度处于中风险且都接近1;舞阳路河段ROX,AP呈现低风险,SMZ与TC对该河段生态环境的风险不显著;入海口河段ROX,TC以及AP呈现低风险,SMZ对该河段生态环境的风险不显著。

Propylamine hydrobromide passivated tin-based perovskites to efficient solar cells

The development of tin-based devices with low toxicity is critical for the commercial viability of perovskite solar cells.However because tin halide is a stronger Lewis acid,its crystallization rate is extremely fast,resulting in the formation of numerous defects that affect the device performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells.Herein,propylamine hydrobromide(PABr)was added to the perovskite precursor solution as an additive to passivate defects and fabricate more uniform and dense perovskite films.Because propylamine cations are too large to enter the perovskite lattices,they only exist at the grain boundary to passivate surface defects and promote crystal growth in a preferred orientation.The PABr additive raises the average short-circuit current density from 19.45 to 25.47 mA·cm^(-2)by reducing carrier recombination induced by defects.Furthermore,the device’s long-term illumination stability is improved after optimization,and the hysteresis effect is negligible.The addition of PABr results in a power conversion efficiency of 9.35%.

Size effect on light propagation modulation near band edges in one-dimensional periodic structures

Periodic photonic structures can provide rich modulation in propagation of light due to well-defined band structures.Especially near band edges,light localization and the effect of near-zero refractive index have attracted wide attention.However,the practically fabricated structures can only have finite size,i.e.,limited numbers of periods,leading to changes of the light propagation modulation compared with infinite structures.Here,we study the size effect on light localization and near-zero refractive-index propagation near band edges in one-dimensional periodic structures.Near edges of the band gap,as the structure's size shrinks,the broadening of the band gap and the weakening of the light localization are discovered.When the size is small,an added layer on the surface will perform large modulation in the group velocity.Near the degenerate point with Dirac-like dispersion,the zero-refractive-index effects like the zero-phase difference and near-unity transmittance retain as the size changes,while absolute group velocity fluctuates when the size shrinks.

Mechanism of Huatan Sanjie Fang in improving goiter in Graves'disease mice based on the Hippo signaling pathway

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Huatan Sanjie Fang(HTSJ)in regulating goiter in Graves'disease(GD)mice by detecting key factors of the Hippo signaling pathway.Methods:A mouse model of GD was established by injecting Ad-TSHR289 adenovirus into the bilateral quadriceps femoris of female mice.Successful mouse models were then randomly divided into a model group,methimazole(MMI)group,and HTSJ group,and fed with deionized water,MMI(4.5 mg/kg per day),and HTSJ(35.10 g/kg per day),respectively,for 10 weeks.Histopathological changes of the thyroid gland were subsequently observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.Radioimmunoassay was used to detect serum total thyroxine(T4)and thyrotrophin-receptor antibody(TRAb)levels.The relative expression of mRNA of Mst1,YAP,and TAZ were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,while the protein expression of Mst1,YAP,TAZ,pMst1,and pYAP were detected by western blot.Results:After 10 weeks of drug intervention,goiter and other pathological changes in the HTSJ group significantly improved compared with the model group,and the levels of serum T4 and TRAb significantly decreased(P=.002,P<.001,respectively).Decreased mRNA expression of Mst1,YAP,and TAZ,the key factors of the Hippo signaling transduction pathway,was also observed(P=.002,P=.022,P<.001,respectively).In contrast,protein expression of Mst1(P=.046),pMst1(P=.026),and p YAP(P=.004)increased,while protein expression of YAP and TAZ decreased(P=.041,P<.001,respectively).Conclusion:HTSJ can effectively improve goiter in GD mice through the Hippo signaling pathway.

Propagation of light near the band edge in one-dimensional multilayers

Optical systems offer rich modulation in light propagation, but sufficient quantitative descriptions lack when highly complex structures are considered since practical structures contain defects or imperfections. Here, we utilize a method combining a data-fitting method and a time-resolved system to describe light propagation near the band edges in onedimensional structures. Calculations after optimization of the method show little deviation to the measurements.

白英提取物抑瘤有效成分的初步筛选

目的从分离白英水提液得到的不同组分中筛选抑瘤作用的主要有效成分,对不同肿瘤细胞体外增殖的抑制作用进行验证,为研究其诱导细胞凋亡机制奠定基础。方法选取人宫颈癌细胞He La、人胃癌细胞BGC-823细胞为研究对象,用阳性对照药(5-Fu)及白英不同组分进行干预。CCK-8法检测药物抑瘤率,并计算IC50值,比较组间药效强度。HE、AO/EB染色及镜下观察给予不同浓度药物处理时细胞数目、形态和细胞凋亡情况的变化。结果白英提取物不同组分均有一定的抗肿瘤作用,其中皂苷元的抑瘤作用最强,以中剂量(0.067 6 mg/mL)效果最好,对2种肿瘤细胞抑瘤率分别达到86.21%和88.92%。结论白英提取物具有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的活性,能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,实验组与阳性对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。

化痰活血扶正方及其拆方后的相关药组对模型大鼠肝纤维化指标的影响

目的观察化痰活血扶正方拆方后的相关药组对肝纤维化大鼠模型肝功能及肝纤维化指标的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法选择雄性SD大鼠120只,随机分为正常组(control)、模型组(model)、阳性药物组(Silybin)、低中高剂量化痰组(HTL、HTM、HTH)、低中高剂量活血化瘀组(HXHYL、HXHYM、HXHYH)、低中高剂量扶正组(FZL、FZM、FZH)、低中高剂量化痰活血扶正组(HTHXFZL、HTHXFZM、HTHXFZH).除正常照组外,其余各组大鼠均腹腔注射4%TAA(水为溶剂)0.05 mL/kg体重,剂量200 mg/kg,每周2次,持续8 wk.造模开始次日,各低、中、高剂量组分别按照0.25,0.5,1.0 g/kg剂量,每日1次、予10 m L/kg体重不同浓度的药物灌胃,阳性药物组给予水飞蓟宾50 mg/kg体重灌胃,每日1次,用药8 wk.观察治疗前后的肝功能[谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、总蛋白(total protein,TP)、AIb、GLB]、肝纤维化指标[层黏连蛋白(laminin,LN)、COL_4、透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)].结果干预后,各组血清的AST、ALT均有下降,除FZL组外,其余各组与模型组相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001);HTM、HTHXFZH的TP与模型组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),HTM、HTH、HXHYM、FZM、FZH、HTHXFZM、HTHXFZH的AIb与模型组相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001).各治疗组的LN均有下降,除HXHYM组、FZM组外,其余各组与模型组相比差异显著,均有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001);各治疗组的COL_4均有下降,除HTL、HTH、HXHYM、HXHYH、FZL、FZH组外,其余各组与模型组相比差异显著,均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.001);各治疗组的HA均有下降,其中HXHYM、FZL、HTHXFZH与模型组相比差异显著,均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论化痰活血扶正方拆方后各药组可显著改善肝纤维化模型大鼠的肝功能及肝纤维化指标,减缓肝纤维化进展速度.

污水处理厂生物气溶胶抗生素抗性污染特征

为探究污水处理厂生物气溶胶抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)污染特征,在济南市某污水处理厂采用宏基因组测序技术对厂界内及周边生物气溶胶样本及污水或污泥样本进行分析.结果表明,相比于上风向,厂界内和下风向生物气溶胶具有更多的ARGs亚型种类数和更高的总相对丰度.厂界内与上风向生物气溶胶ARGs组成存在显著的差异性,差异度为47.57%;而厂界内与下风向生物气溶胶ARGs组成的差异性不显著,且差异度下降至33.98%.上风向背景空气和污水或污泥均是厂界内生物气溶胶ARGs的重要来源,两者总的源的贡献大于63.92%.共检测到43种ARGs亚型(8种ARGs主型)在至少一处污水处理单元极易负载于生物气溶胶颗粒逸出.本研究可为污水处理厂生物气溶胶抗生素抗性污染的风险评估和控制提供理论依据.

多槽硅胶引流导管在微创胸外科的临床应用

目的探讨多槽硅胶引流导管在微创胸外科手术中的可行性,评价术后应用该引流系统的优越性。方法选取2016年1月-2017年9月该院行胸腔镜手术的患者160例,根据术后应用引流管不同,将其分为负压组(应用多槽硅胶引流导管+自带负压硅胶球囊)和对照组(传统胸管+水封瓶),每组各80例。比较两组术后24 h胸腔引流量、总引流量、拔管时间、术后胸穿次数、术后住院时间、术后第1天与第3天疼痛程度(NRS数字分级法)及术后胸腔出现活动性出血引流效果。结果两组总引流量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);负压组术后24 h胸腔引流量升高、拔管时间缩短、胸穿次数减少、术后住院时间缩短及疼痛评分降低,负压组优于对照组(P<0.05)。负压组2例48 h时、对照组2例24 h时因活动性出血而再次手术止血。结论多槽硅胶引流导管临床应用有一定优势,但因引流槽较细、有活动性出血时易堵塞而形成凝固性血胸,故需把握不同引流装置的指征。

年龄相关性黄斑变性的发病机制与抗氧化治疗

年龄相关性黄斑变性(ARMD)好发于50岁及以上中老年人,呈进行性发展,可导致单眼或双眼部分甚至完全性视力丧失。虽然目前其发病机制尚不明确,但已有数据表明氧化应激在ARMD的发病过程中起到了重要作用。近年来对ARMD抗氧化机制方面的研究逐渐成为研究热点,本文就氧化应激介导ARMD的发生机制以及ARMD抗氧化剂的应用作一简要综述。

Cooperative and Competitive Multi-Agent Systems:From Optimization to Games

Multi-agent systems can solve scientific issues related to complex systems that are difficult or impossible for a single agent to solve through mutual collaboration and cooperation optimization.In a multi-agent system,agents with a certain degree of autonomy generate complex interactions due to the correlation and coordination,which is manifested as cooperative/competitive behavior.This survey focuses on multi-agent cooperative optimization and cooperative/non-cooperative games.Starting from cooperative optimization,the studies on distributed optimization and federated optimization are summarized.The survey mainly focuses on distributed online optimization and its application in privacy protection,and overviews federated optimization from the perspective of privacy protection me-chanisms.Then,cooperative games and non-cooperative games are introduced to expand the cooperative optimization problems from two aspects of minimizing global costs and minimizing individual costs,respectively.Multi-agent cooperative and non-cooperative behaviors are modeled by games from both static and dynamic aspects,according to whether each player can make decisions based on the information of other players.Finally,future directions for cooperative optimization,cooperative/non-cooperative games,and their applications are discussed.

北部湾典型入海流域植被净初级生产力时空分布特征及其影响因素

北部湾入海流域处于典型河口-近海岸相互作用地带,是中国南亚热带地区典型的独流入海河流,对该地区的植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行定量化研究,可为中国南亚热带地区典型独流入海流域碳循环研究及其生态恢复提供科学依据。以北部湾典型入海流域为研究对象,基于CASA模型并结合Theil-Sen趋势、Hurst指数、偏相关分析等数理统计方法,定量化分析了流域2000-2017年NPP的时空变化特征、未来趋势及其影响因素。结果表明,时间尺度上,流域多年月均NPP介于8.50-95.86 g·m^(−2)(以C计,下同)之间,呈倒“V”型结构;年际变化上,多年NPP总体呈现波动上升趋势,增速为8.83 g·m^(−2)·a^(−1),快于广西壮族自治区(增速为0.001 g·m^(−2)·a^(−1))。空间尺度上,典型入海流域NPP呈明显地域分异规律,NPP高值区主要位于西南部的十万大山南麓,低值区散布钦江河道附近、南流江流域的上游以及下游的西南部地区。流域NPP总体上以改善为主,NPP增加区域是减少区域的3.05倍。流域NPP的Hurst指数范围介于0.20973-1之间,总体上以持续序列为主,预示研究区NPP未来处于持续增加趋势。影响因素上,气温是影响NPP的主导因素,NPP与多年平均气温存在正相关关系,与降水存在负相关关系。NPP在不同覆被类型、海拔和坡度梯度上均呈现出显著的地域分异规律以及时空差异性特征。该研究表明北部湾入海典型流域NPP呈逐年增加趋势,气温是流域NPP的主导因素。

Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence for Green Manufacturing in the Process Industry

Smart manufacturing is critical in improving the quality of the process industry. In smart manufacturing, there is a trend to incorporate different kinds of new-generation information technologies into process- safety analysis. At present, green manufacturing is facing major obstacles related to safety management, due to the usage of large amounts of hazardous chemicals, resulting in spatial inhomogeneity of chemical industrial processes and increasingly stringent safety and environmental regulations. Emerging informa- tion technologies such as arti cial intelligence (AI) are quite promising as a means of overcoming these dif culties. Based on state-of-the-art AI methods and the complex safety relations in the process industry, we identify and discuss several technical challenges associated with process safety: ① knowledge acquisition with scarce labels for process safety;② knowledge-based reasoning for process safety;③ accurate fusion of heterogeneous data from various sources;and ④ effective learning for dynamic risk assessment and aided decision-making. Current and future works are also discussed in this context.

地方政府竞争压力、行业同质性与商会的政策参与空间--基于昆山与厦门的比较分析

为什么不同地方相同外资商会的政策参与会有重大差异?为什么外资商会在相同地方不同时期的政策参与也存在显著区别?通过对昆山与厦门的控制性比较,基于田野调查、地方志、回忆录、统计年鉴等资料数据,研究发现:地方政府的竞争压力与商会内中小企业的行业同质性是两个重要的解释变量。这两个自变量的不同取值组合形塑了四种商会的政策参与空间:开放型、封闭型、政府主导的有限开放型和商会主导的有限开放型。论文主要贡献包括:第一,尝试提供一个关于地域与行业特征的视角;第二,以往研究多以民营企业商会为研究对象,少有针对外资商会的研究;第三,既有文献主要采用的是统计研究与跨案例比较研究,而少有将跨案例与案例内比较相结合的研究设计。通过以上的比较研究,论文为理解当代中国地方政商关系的形成路径以及地方营商环境的变迁与改善均提供了有益启示。