HvWRKY2 acts as an immunity suppressor and targets HvCEBiP to regulate powdery mildew resistance in barley

Plants use a sophisticated immune system to perceive pathogen infection and activate immune responses in a tightly controlled manner.In barley,Hv WRKY2 acts as a repressor in barley disease resistance to the powdery mildew fungus,Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei(Bgh).However,the molecular features of Hv WRKY2 in its DNA-binding and repressor functions,as well as its target genes,are uncharacterized.We show that the W-box binding of Hv WRKY2 requires an intact WRKY domain and an upstream sequence of~75 amino acids,and the Hv WRKY2 W-box binding activity is linked to its repressor function in disease resistance.Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)-seq analysis identified HvCEBiP,a putative chitin receptor gene,as a target gene of Hv WRKY2 in overexpressing transgenic barley plants.ChIP-qPCR and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay(EMSA)verified the direct binding of Hv WRKY2 to a W-boxcontaining sequence in the HvCEBiP promoter.Hv CEBiP positively regulates resistance against Bgh in barley.Our findings suggest that Hv WRKY2 represses barley basal immunity by directly targeting pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)recognition receptor genes,suggesting that Hv CEBiP and likely chitin signaling function in barley PAMP-triggered immune responses to Bgh infection.

Clinical significance of survivin in the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma

Objective： To investigate the clinical significance of survivin in endometrial carcinoma and to investigate the relationship between the expression of survivin and Ki-67. Methods： Immunohistochemical S-P （streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex）method was performed to detect the expression of survivin and Ki-67 antigen in 15 cases of normal endometrium, 21 cases of endometrial simple and complex hyperplasia, 22 cases of endometrial atypical hyperplasia, and 61 cases of endometrial carcinoma. Results： Survivin was hardly detected in some normal endometrium in the proliferative phase and in the secretory phase. However, the level of survivin expression in atypical hyperplasia endometrium（72.73%）was higher than that in normal en- dometrium （7.14%）（P 〈 0.05）, including simple and complex hyperplasia （42.38%）（P 〈 0.01 ）, and was lower than that in endometrial carcinoma（90.17%）（P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, significant correlation was present between the expression of survivin and the characteristics of endometrial carcinoma, including clinical stage, histological grade and the presence of invasion to myometrium （P 〈 0.05）. In addition, Ki-67 antigen expression was positively correlated with survivin expression in all specimen. Ki-67 labeled indexes （LIs）in hyperplasia endometrium were significantly lower than those in atypical hyperplasia endometrium and endometrial carcinoma （P 〈 0.01 ）, while there was no significant difference in Ki-67 LIs between atypical hyperplasia endometrium and endometrial carcinoma（P 〉 0.05）. There was no significant relationship between Ki-67 LIs and the characteristics of endometrial carcinoma, including histological grade, clinical stage or the invasion to myometrium（P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion： Survivin may participate in the onset and progression of endometrial carcinoma through inhibiting apoptosis and promoting proliferation. Survivin expression is correlated with the malignant degree and prognosis of tumor. Ki-67 is also associated with carcinogenesis and progression of endometrial carcinoma. The results suggest that survivin could be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for endometrial carcinoma and might provide pathways to treat the patients with recurrent or refractory or rudimental endometrial carcinoma.

Considerations on Research of Environmental Risk Prevention and Control in “12th Five-Year Plan” Period

Along with the environmental pollution causes complexity and diversity increases ceaselessly, “national environmental protection” Twelfth Five “planning” (hereinafter referred to as “planning”) will be the environmental risk prevention as the “12th Five-Year Plan” one of the important tasks, including advancing environmental risk management in the whole process, key areas the environmental risk prevention measures. The whole process environmental risk management covers a risk source recognition, receptor vulnerability assessment, environmental risk characterization, risk decision and risk assessment of accident loss. This article from the environmental risk source classification, environmental risk classification management, environmental emergency response and environmental risk and insurance environment four aspects put forward the “12th Five-Year Plan” whole process environmental risk management content, to further reduce our country environmental pollution accident risk and policy makers to provide some decision support.

Late Mesozoic rifting and its deep dynamic mechanisms in the central Sulu orogenic belt: Records from Lingshan Island

The Lingshan Island scientific drill confirms that two episodes(Laiyang period and Qingshan period) of rifting developed in the central Sulu orogenic belt(SOB) in Late Mesozoic. With a set of methods including fieldwork, drilling, core logging, zircon U-Pb dating and whole rock geochemistry applied, the age, the depositional sequence and the deep dynamic mechanisms of rift evolution were unraveled. The stratigraphic sequence of the Laiyang-Qingshan Groups on Lingshan Island was composed of two different rifting sequences:(1) Laiyang Group(147–125 Ma), which consists of deep-water gravity flow deposits with interlayers of intermediate volcanic rocks;and(2) Lower Qingshan Group(125–119 Ma), which unconformably overlies the former sequence and contains subaerial volcanic deposits and terrestrial deposits. The tectonic environment changed during the evolution of these two episodes of rifting: the rift was in a NNW-SSE extensional environment in the Laiyang period and showed the typical passive rifting character that “lithospheric extension and rifting preceded volcanism”. The passive rifting period was ended by a short WNW-ESE compression at about 125 Ma. After that, the tectonic environment transferred to a strong NW-SE extensional environment and the rifting evolved into a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period. The igneous rocks are shoshonitic to high-K calc-alkaline trachyandesites to trachytes with a few intercalated lamprophyres and a rhyolite.The geochemical characteristics of the igneous rocks indicate that they are mantle-derived melts with a metasomatized mantle source and/or crustal contamination. In addition, an increased thinning of the lithosphere happened during the rifting episodes.The low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate in the Jurassic weakened the thickened SOB lithospheric mantle. The rollback of the subducting plate started in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, and the SOB lithospheric mantle was delaminated synchronously because of the gravity collapse. Thus, this caused passive rifting in the Laiyang period. Thereafter, the rollback and trench retreat of the high-angle subducting Paleo-Pacific plate would have achieved its climax, resulting in the strong regional extension. Passive rifting was ended by the crustal uplift caused by asthenospheric upwelling beneath the rift. The lower crust was heated by the upwelling asthenosphere and partially melted to form felsic melts, which were emplaced upwards and erupted explosively. The rift evolved into a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period and showed some characteristics of active rifting. Above all, a passive rifting in the Laiyang period and a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period developed successively in the Lingshan Island area(the central SOB). This records the transfer of the study area from the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain to the circum-Pacific tectonic domain. The delamination of SOB lithospheric mantle and the upwelling of asthenospheric material were the deep dynamic mechanisms driving the development and evolution of two rift episodes. Additionally, the rift development was controlled remotely by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate.

Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous magnetostratigraphy of scientific drilling core LK-1 in the Lingshan Island of Riqingwei Basin,eastern China

The Sulu orogenic belt is an uplift zone that was formed in the Late Triassic.Several Jurassic to Cretaceous sedimentary successions have been recognized within the Sulu orogenic belt in recent studies,including outcrops that are considered to be related to the newly discovered Riqingwei Basin.This basin has been the focus of extensive study due to its continuous Cretaceous rock sequence,geological location and petroleum resource potential.However,the lack of a consolidated chronology for the strata has precluded a better understanding of stratigraphy,tectonic evolution and resource potential of the Riqingwei Basin.Here,we present the results of a new magnetostratigraphic study of the continental scientific drilling borehole LK-1,which is located on Lingshan Island,offshore Shandong province,eastern China.The goals of this study are to(1)refine the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous chronostratigraphic framework of the Riqingwei Basin,and(2)investigate the location of the J/K boundary in the Borehole Core LK-1.The observed patterns of the paleomagnetic polarity zone in the LK-1 borehole correlate well with the geomagnetic polarity time scale(GPTS),and the continuous magnetostratigraphy profile defined in this core indicates an age ranging from 146.5 to 125.8 Ma for the samples interval.The sediment accumulation rates(SAR)of LK-1 show one period of high SAR(~10.5 cm kyr^(-1))at 135.3–130.6 Ma and two periods of low SAR(~4.8 and~2.2 cm kyr^(-1))at145.7–135.3 and 130.6–125.8 Ma,respectively.In addition,the magnetostratigraphic results suggest that the Jurassic-Cretaceous(J/K)boundary of the LK-1 is located within the magnetozone N21.2 n(~1254 m).This comprehensive geochronologic framework provides a good correlation of the marine Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous strata in the Riqingwei Basin to other marine strata and continental sequences,in addition to providing a foundation for the study of the structural evolution of eastern China.

n-Octadecanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayer Coating with Microscopic Roughness for Dropwise Condensation of Steam

Here we presented a novel technology to achieve a Super-hydrophobic coating with microscopic roughness oncopper surface. First, make a layer of verdigris grow on the fresh pure copper surface. Gain it by exposing thecopper to air and the mist of acetic acid solution. The green coating is a mixture of basic copper(Ⅱ) carbonate andcopper(Ⅱ) acetate. Second heat the coating and make it decompose to CuO. Lastly, form an n-octadecanethiolself-assembled monolayers coating on the outermost surface. Contact angle test, scanning electron microscopeanalysis and electrochemical testing were carried out to characterize the surface, and a heat transfer experimentfor dropwise condensation of steam was performed also. Results show that the modified surface bears a few Super-hydrophobicfeatures, the static contact angle is higher than that in literatures, reaching 153.1±1.7°. The microscopicroughness can be seen in SEM images, differing much from H2O2 etched surface and bare copper surface.The condensation of steam on the surface is a typical form of dropwise condensation, in the measured rangeof temperature difference, under 0.1 MPa, the average convection heat transfer coefficients of the vertical surfaceare 1.7～2.1 times for those of film condensation. At the same time, the inhibition efficiency of surface is improvedto some extent comparing with the same kind of SAMs, which suggests that the lifetime of maintenancedropwise condensation would have the possibility to surpass the existing record.

光化合反应生物酶系统启动下厌氧-缺氧-好氧工艺活性污泥微生物群落结构响应

为探究光化合反应生物酶系统(Actinic reaction enzyme system,ARES)启动下厌氧-缺氧-好氧工艺(Anaerobic-anoxic-oxic,A2/O)系统中活性污泥微生物群落和功能,了解ARES系统在生活污水处理过程中的影响,采用Illumina-HiSeq 2000高通量测序平台研究ARES启动前后A2/O工艺系统中活性污泥微生物群落结构的演替,并结合污水处理效果相关主要参数,进而解析菌群的环境功能。研究发现,ARES系统启动前后活性污泥微生物群落结构具有明显差异。系统中丰富类群(平均相对丰度≥1%)的细菌门类主要有9个,占整体测序细菌总量的96%–98%。ARES系统启动后,变形菌门的b-变形菌门(Betaproteobacteria)相对丰度提高3.45%–3.85%,绿菌门(Chlorobi)相对丰度提高0.45%–2.61%,在厌氧单元,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度提高12.97%,而放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度分别下降了9.60%和1.45%;细菌属水平上,Denitratisoma属相对丰度提高0.80%–3.27%,Haliangium属和弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter)相对丰度分别下降3.36%–4.52%、1.48%–3.45%,ARES启动前后细菌相对丰度差异显著。系统中丰富类群(平均相对丰度≥1%)的真菌门主要有7个,在ARES系统启动后罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota)相对丰度下降42.71%–46.77%,在厌氧单元子囊菌门(Ascomycota)相对丰度下降13.39%,而球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)相对丰度提高13.86%;真菌属水平,虫霉菌属(Entomophthoraceae sp.)和球囊菌属(Glomeromycota sp.)相对丰度分别提高31.35%–36.50%、6.27%–13.84%,而罗兹菌属(Rozellomycota sp.)和Xylochrysis lucida相对丰度显著降低,分别下降42.71%–46.77%、3.67%–5.54%。结果表明,ARES系统的启动引起了微生物群落对工艺条件改变的响应,特别是真菌群落的响应,同时提升了出水水质,尤其是对总氮的去除。