模拟自然光周期下外源性CO_2对城市污水藻类生长和污水处理的影响(摘选)

探讨了不同光照强度和模拟自然光周期条件下,高浓度生物污水中外源CO2对小球藻(Chlorella kessleri)生物量累积和污水中养分去除的影响。研究结果表明,在所有光强处理情况下,模拟光周期和施加CO2使得Chlorella kessleri能容易地适应反应器中的废水浓度。CO2浓度和光强显著影响藻类生长和污水中养分去除。藻类生长的最适CO2浓度是2.5%。当光强达到一定的下限时,由于光合自养效率显著减少,因此补充CO2的效果最小。同时,由于在第8天时养分耗尽和藻类生物累积量减少,对于持续或分批培养系统的应用体系,应优先选择分批培养的方式。关键词:藻类;城市污水;外源CO2;光照强度;生物量积累;

Breakthrough Technologies for the Biorefining of Organic Solid and Liquid Wastes

有机固液废弃物包含大量能量、养分和水分,不应仅视其为废物。数十年来,人们一直对城市固体废物进行回收、堆制和燃烧,并从中提取能量和有价值的物质。污水的首要管理策略是治理和排放。随着技术的进步,通过新方法使利用固体废物和废水成为可能。考虑到废物特殊的化学、物理和生物性质,需要整合多种技术以使废物的能量和价值回收最大化。为此,生物炼制是完全利用废物中的能量和价值的一个合适的方法。研究证明,不可回收废弃物和生物固体可通过不同方法转化为可利用的热能、电能、燃料和化学品,并且液体废物或能帮助农作物和藻类的成长,为能量回收和食物生产提供不同的选择。本文针对有机固液废物提出新型生物炼制方案,这些废物来源于城市废料、食品和生物加工厂以及动物生产设施。四大新型突破性科技——真空辅助高温厌氧消化、扩展鱼菜共生系统、含油废物经甘油裂解制取生物柴油和微波辅助热化学转化,均可运用于生物炼制方案中,从而成功将废物转化,用以生产化学品、化肥、能量(沼气、合成气、生物柴油和生物油)、食物、饲料,得到干净的水并显著减少污染物的排放。

Effects of Different Litchi Rootstocks on Phonological Phase and Fruit Qualities of Grafted Jingganghongnuo

Phonological period and fruit quality of Jingganghongnuo （JGHN） grafted on the rootstocks of Feizixiao （FZX）, Heiye （HY） and Huaizhi （HZ） respectively were recorded and comparatively studied from 2015 to 2017. The results showed that the whitish millets and flowering stage of JGHN grafted on FZX and HY rootstocks were respectively 3-17 days and 1-3 days earlier than those on HZ. While the fruit maturation stage was 5-7 days ahead of in the same comparative situation. Compared to fruits grafted on HZ, mean fruit weight of JGHN grafted on HY and FZX were 38.1% and 35.8% bigger respectively than that on HZ. In addition, more closely heart-shaped and brighter pericarp color of JGHN fruit were observed with rootstock of HZ than that with other two kinds of rootstocks. In terms of aborted-seed rates of JGHN, average value with rootstock FZX was 81.7%, which was 58.0% higher than that with HY, and 2.49 times of those with HZ. Vc content of JGHN grafted on HY and FZX were 30.47 and 25.86 mg/100 g respectively, significantly higher than that grafted on HZ. TSS and TA of JGHN grafted on HZ were 17.8% and 0.14%, both were obviously higher than that grafted on FZX and HY.

Phonon engineering in Yb:La_(2)CaB_(10)O_(19)crystal for extended lasing beyond the fluorescence spectrum

Since the first invention of the laser in 1960,direct lasing outside the fluorescence spectrum is deemed impossible owing to the“zero-gain”cross-section.However,when electron-phonon coupling meets laser oscillation,an energy modulation by the quantized phonon can tailor the electronic transitions,thus directly creating some unprecedented lasers with extended wavelengths by phonon engineering.Here,we demonstrate a broadband lasing(1000-1280 nm)in a Yb-doped La_(2)CaB_(10)O_(19)(Yb:LCB)crystal,far beyond its spontaneous fluorescence spectrum.Numerical calculations and in situ Raman verify that such a substantial laser emission is devoted to the multiphonon coupling to lattice vibrations of a dangling“quasi-free-oxygen”site,with the increasing phonon numbers step-by-step(n=1–6).This new structural motif provides more alternative candidates with strong-coupling laser materials.Moreover,the quantitative relations between phonon density distribution and laser wavelength extension are discussed.These results give rise to the search for on-demand lasers in the darkness and pave a reliable guideline to study those intriguing electron-phonon-photon coupled systems for integrated photonic applications.

Design,application and verification of a novel system utilizing bacteria and microalgae to treat swine farm wastewater and produce value-added biomass

Swine farm wastewater is extremely harmful to the environment if not treated before it is discharged.In this study,a system was developed and optimized for testing the high levels of organic matter in swine farm wastewater utilizing a microalgae/bacteria co-culture combined with a novel closed-loop extraction and dilution process.Importantly,the system produces biomass that also could be harvested and used in value-added applications.The efficacy of biomass as a biofertilizer was demonstrated by using a model plant of Arabidopsis.In addition,the analysis of biomass indicates that it also has potential as a source for biofuel.After a 20-d cultivation period,a yield of biomass was achieved to 2.063 g/L of wastewater.The highest removal rates recorded in steady state conditions were:13.8 mg/L·d of Total Nitrogen(TN);11.5 mg/L·d of Ammonia Nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N);24.8 mg/L·d of Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD);and 16.9 mg/L·d of Total Phosphorus(TP).After cultivation,the composition of the biomass was analyzed on a dry basis;the major components were protein(44.9%),lipids(24.6%),carbohydrates(19.9%),Chlorophyll-A(2.75%),Chlorophyll-B(1.66%),and carotenoids(0.57%).This biomass was diluted with water(5%by weight)and used as a biofertilizer to grow Arabidopsis.The results showed that the average root and stem lengths of Arabidopsis were 43.0%and 55.0%longer compared to those of the control group.Additionally,the number of leaves and the maximum leaf length increased by 30.2%and 39.7%;and the fresh and dry leaf weights increased by 44.0%and 33.7%,respectively.These results demonstrate the efficacy of this system for treating swine farm wastewater whilst simultaneously producing a value-added microalgae/bacteria biomass.This paper also demonstrated the use of biomass as a fertilizer for cultivating a value-added crop and,based on the compositional analyses,propose that the biomass could be used as a raw material for biofuel production due to its high lipid content of 24.6%.By constructing a microalgae/bacteria symbiosis system,Swine farm wastewater can be treated as resources utilizing producing value-added biomass with demonstrated efficacy as a biofertilizer.

Review of the biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach

Current biofuel production relies on limited arable lands on the earth,and is impossible to meet the biofuel demands.Oil producing algae are alternative biofuel feedstock with potential to meet the world’s ambitious goal to replace fossil fuels.This review provides an overview of the biological and engineering aspects in the production and processing technologies and recent advances in research and development in the algae to fuels approach.The article covers biology,selection and genetic modification of algae species and strains,production systems design,culture media and light management,harvest and dewatering,downstream processing,and environment and economic assessment.Despite the many advances made over several decades,commercialization of algal fuels remains challenging chiefly because of the techno-economic constraints.Technological breakthroughs in all major aspects must take place before commercial production of algal fuels becomes economically viable.

Utilization of almond residues

Almond production generates millions of tons of residues in addition to almond nuts.Almond residues,including shells,hulls,pruning,leaves,skin and inedible kernel disposition,are good feedstocks for production of bioenergy and other valuable compounds.In this article,research on the utilization of almond residues as energy and non-energy feedstocks is reviewed.Technical options for converting almond residues to energy and other valuable products are discussed.Several commercial conversion technologies are examined.Needs for further research and development are recommended.