Massive amounts of biogas slurry are produced due to the development of biogas plants.The pollution features and the risk of biogas slurry were fully evaluated in this work.Thirty-one biogas slurry samples were collec...Massive amounts of biogas slurry are produced due to the development of biogas plants.The pollution features and the risk of biogas slurry were fully evaluated in this work.Thirty-one biogas slurry samples were collected from sixteen different cities and five different raw materials biogas plants(e.g.cattle manure,swine manure,straw-manure mixture,kitchen waste and chicken manure).The chemical oxygen demand(COD),ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N),anions(e.g.Cl^(-1),SO_(4)^(2-),NO_(3)^(-)and PO_(4)^(3-)),antibiotics(e.g.sulphonamides,quinolones,β2-receptor agonists,macrolides,tetracyclines and crystal violet)and heavy metals(e.g.Cu,Cd,As,Cr,Hg,Zn and Pb)contents from these biogas slurry samples were systematically investigated.On this basis,risk assessment of biogas slurry was also performed.The concentrations of COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N and PO_(4)^(3-) in biogas slurry samples with chicken manure as raw material were significantly higher than those of other raw materials.Therefore,the biogas slurry from chicken manure raw material demonstrated the most serious eutrophication threat.The antibiotic contents in biogas slurry samples from swine manure were the highest among five raw materials,mostly sulphonamides,quinolones and tetracyclines.Biogas slurry revealed particularly serious arsenic contamination and moderate potential ecological risk.The quadratic polynomial stepwise regression model can quantitatively describe the correlation among NH_(4)^(+)-N,PO_(4)^(3+) and heavy metals concentration of biogas slurry.This work demonstrated a universal potential threat from biogas slurry that can provide supporting data and theoretical basis for harmless treatment and reuse of biogas slurry.展开更多
水稻黄绿叶突变会显著影响水稻产量和稻米品质.研究黄绿叶突变体叶绿素变化机理对选育高光效品种,促进水稻增产具有重要意义.本研究以甲基磺酸乙酯(ethylmethylsulfone,EMS)诱变处理粳稻云引(YY)后发现的一个黄绿叶突变体w08(YGL)为材料...水稻黄绿叶突变会显著影响水稻产量和稻米品质.研究黄绿叶突变体叶绿素变化机理对选育高光效品种,促进水稻增产具有重要意义.本研究以甲基磺酸乙酯(ethylmethylsulfone,EMS)诱变处理粳稻云引(YY)后发现的一个黄绿叶突变体w08(YGL)为材料,研究叶色突变对主要农艺性状、叶绿素含量、光合参数变化、水稻生理及亚显微结构的影响,并对该突变性状进行遗传分析、基因定位和功能验证.研究表明,突变体全生育期均表现为黄绿色.与野生型云引(YY)相比,突变体w08单株有效穗、结实率、千粒重分别降低46.7%、50.1%和18.3%,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别下降41.2%、98.7%、17.5%.光合速率检测结果表明,突变体净光合速率(Pn)显著降低,而细胞间CO_(2)(Ci)显著增加.对叶片叶绿体进行超微结构电子显微镜观察,结果发现,叶绿体内的类囊体基粒片层数目在突变体中明显减少.遗传分析结果表明,突变体黄绿叶性状为单基因遗传,受一对隐性核基因控制.利用突变体与雷蒙特(Lemont)杂交构建F2遗传群体,将该基因定位在10号染色体长臂GL8和T258两个标记之间,物理距离为60.2 kb,该区间包含14个候选基因.基因测序发现,该区间内的编码叶绿素酸酯氧化酶1(chlorophyllide a oxygenase1)蛋白的候选基因OsCAO1编码区CDS序列第957位碱基发生突变,形成一个终止密码子,使蛋白翻译提前终止.通过构建过表达和敲除载体进行转基因功能验证,进一步证实了OsCAO1基因功能.分析突变体中的激素含量和分蘖调控相关基因的表达,结果表明,突变体中水稻分蘖相关基因表达水平明显下降,生长素合成基因表达水平显著提高,水稻分蘖芽的生长素含量显著提高,从而证实OsCAO1基因突变抑制了水稻分蘖生长,使单株有效穗显著减少.展开更多
在广谱抗稻瘟病品种云引与普感稻瘟病品种丽江新团黑谷(Lijiangxintuanheigu,LTH)构建的近等基因系抗、感病子代基因组重测序的差异基因中,从与免疫应答(immune response)相关的分类单元里得到8个基因序列有差异的基因.它们都为编码富...在广谱抗稻瘟病品种云引与普感稻瘟病品种丽江新团黑谷(Lijiangxintuanheigu,LTH)构建的近等基因系抗、感病子代基因组重测序的差异基因中,从与免疫应答(immune response)相关的分类单元里得到8个基因序列有差异的基因.它们都为编码富含亮氨酸重复序列的类受体蛋白激酶基因,并聚集于11号染色体的邻近位置,且与已知的白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21具有一定同源性.为进一步探究这些类受体蛋白激酶类基因在稻瘟病抗性中可能发挥的功能,我们分析了这些基因的结构、进化及抗感子代间的序列差异类型,同时还分别采用离体和喷雾接菌的方式对云引和LTH进行稻瘟病接种并取样.通过实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction,q RT-PCR)发现,部分基因能受到稻瘟病菌的诱导,推测它们可能在水稻对抗稻瘟病病菌中发挥一定作用,为进一步挖掘稻瘟病相关抗性基因奠定基础.展开更多
Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4,CN)has attracted increasing interests in the field of photocatalysis due to its high visible-light-response.However,its photocatalytic activity is still lower for degradation of refract...Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4,CN)has attracted increasing interests in the field of photocatalysis due to its high visible-light-response.However,its photocatalytic activity is still lower for degradation of refractory contaminants such as Cr(Ⅵ)and Rhodamine B(RhB)etc.Herein,we report a facile method to synthesize a novel sulfur(S)-doped CN/reduced graphene oxide(rGO)porous nanosheet(S-CN/rGO PNs)via a supramolecular self-assembling followed by a solvothermal treatment.The as-prepared porous SCN/rGO PNs are stable with high specific surface area^188.5 m2 g-1 and exhibit a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity of^17-fold and 15-fold higher than that of bulk CN for the degradation of RhB and Cr(Ⅵ)under visible light irradiation,respectively.Typically,50 mL of 15 mg/mL RhB can be degraded within 20 min by 10 mg S-CN/rGO PNs.The mechanism can be explained by the synergistic effect of S doping and porous structure which can effectively reduce the band gap of CN and increase the specific surface area to promote the separation and transfer of photo-generated charge carriers.The results have provided a new way to significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 for degradation of refractory contaminants.展开更多
Plants usually keep resistance(R)proteins in a static state under normal conditions to avoid autoimmunity and save energy for growth,but R proteins can be rapidly activated upon perceiving pathogen invasion.Pib,the fi...Plants usually keep resistance(R)proteins in a static state under normal conditions to avoid autoimmunity and save energy for growth,but R proteins can be rapidly activated upon perceiving pathogen invasion.Pib,the first cloned blast disease R gene in rice,encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)protein,mediates resistance to the blast fungal(Magnaporthe oryzae)isolates carrying the avirulence gene AvrPib.However,the molecular mechanisms about how Pib recognizes AvrPib and how it is inactivated and activated remain largely unclear.In this study,through map-based cloning and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing,we proved that Pib contributes to the blast disease resistance of rice cultivar Yunyin(YY).Furthermore,an SH3 domain-containing protein,SH3P2,was found to associate with Pib mainly at clathrin-coated vesicles in rice cells,via direct binding with the coiled-coil(CC)domain of Pib.Interestingly,overexpression of SH3P2 in YY compromised Pib-mediated resistance to M.oryzae isolates carrying AvrPib and Pib-AvrPib recognition-induced cell death.SH3P2 competitively inhibits the self-association of the Pib CC domain in vitro,suggesting that binding of SH3P2 with Pib undermines its homodimerization.Moreover,SH3P2 can also interact with AvrPib and displays higher affinity to AvrPib than to Pib,which leads to dissociation of SH3P2 from Pib in the presence of AvrPib.Taken together,our results suggest that SH3P2 functions as a“protector”to keep Pib in a static state by direct interaction during normal growth but could be triggered off by the invasion of AvrPib-carrying M.oryzae isolates.Our study reveals a new mechanism about how an NLR protein is inactivated under normal conditions but is activated upon pathogen infection.展开更多
Developing environmentally friendly methods to produce hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))has received increasing attention.Photocatalysis has been proved to be a sustainable technology for H_(2)O_(2)production.Herein,the n...Developing environmentally friendly methods to produce hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))has received increasing attention.Photocatalysis has been proved to be a sustainable technology for H_(2)O_(2)production.Herein,the novel non-metal elements(B,P,and S)doped g-C_(3)N_(4)tubes(B-CNT,P-CNT,and S-CNT)photocatalysts were obtained via a hydrothermal synthesis followed by thermal polymerization.By adjusting the precursor,the yield of g-C_(3)N_(4)tubes(CNT)materials has been greatly improved.The as-prepared B-CNT,P-CNT,and S-CNT photocatalysts show an enhanced photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)production with the formation rate constants values of 42.31μM min^(-1),24.95μM min^(-1),and 24.22μM min^(-1),respectively,which is higher than that of bulk CN(16.40μM min^(-1)).The doped B,P,S elements significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity by adjusting their electronic structures and promoting the separation of electronhole carriers.The results have shown great potential for the practical application of CNT photocatalysts.展开更多
Chemical speciation can fundamentally affect the potential toxicity and bioavailability of heavy metals.The transformation of heavy metal speciation and change of bioavailability were investigated in an anaerobic dige...Chemical speciation can fundamentally affect the potential toxicity and bioavailability of heavy metals.The transformation of heavy metal speciation and change of bioavailability were investigated in an anaerobic digestion(AD)system using four different substrates(pig manure(PM),cattle manure(CAM),chicken manure(CHM)and rice straw(RS)).The results obtained indicated that the total contents of heavy metals in PM,CHM and GAM were higher than in RS and decreased in the order Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>As>Cd in all substrates.Moreover,the speciation with the largest proportion for each heavy metal was the same both in the different substrates and the biogas residues.Among them,Zn,Ni,Cd and As were mainly in the reducible fraction(F2),while Cu was mainly in the oxidizable fraction(F3)and Pb occurred predominantly in the residual fraction(F4).Our results further indicated that the AD process had a greater effect on the speciation of heavy metals in CHM and PM,but less on CAM and RS.The rates of change in bioavailability followed the order PM>CHM>CAM>RS.Changes in organic matter,humic acid or local metal ion environment as a result of AD were inferred as likely mechanisms leading to the transformation of heavy metal speciation.These results enhanced our understanding of the behavior of heavy metals in AD and provided a new perspective for the treatment and disposal of the substrates.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22038012,42077030)the Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province,China(2020NZ012015,2020Y4002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(20720190001)。
文摘Massive amounts of biogas slurry are produced due to the development of biogas plants.The pollution features and the risk of biogas slurry were fully evaluated in this work.Thirty-one biogas slurry samples were collected from sixteen different cities and five different raw materials biogas plants(e.g.cattle manure,swine manure,straw-manure mixture,kitchen waste and chicken manure).The chemical oxygen demand(COD),ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N),anions(e.g.Cl^(-1),SO_(4)^(2-),NO_(3)^(-)and PO_(4)^(3-)),antibiotics(e.g.sulphonamides,quinolones,β2-receptor agonists,macrolides,tetracyclines and crystal violet)and heavy metals(e.g.Cu,Cd,As,Cr,Hg,Zn and Pb)contents from these biogas slurry samples were systematically investigated.On this basis,risk assessment of biogas slurry was also performed.The concentrations of COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N and PO_(4)^(3-) in biogas slurry samples with chicken manure as raw material were significantly higher than those of other raw materials.Therefore,the biogas slurry from chicken manure raw material demonstrated the most serious eutrophication threat.The antibiotic contents in biogas slurry samples from swine manure were the highest among five raw materials,mostly sulphonamides,quinolones and tetracyclines.Biogas slurry revealed particularly serious arsenic contamination and moderate potential ecological risk.The quadratic polynomial stepwise regression model can quantitatively describe the correlation among NH_(4)^(+)-N,PO_(4)^(3+) and heavy metals concentration of biogas slurry.This work demonstrated a universal potential threat from biogas slurry that can provide supporting data and theoretical basis for harmless treatment and reuse of biogas slurry.
文摘水稻黄绿叶突变会显著影响水稻产量和稻米品质.研究黄绿叶突变体叶绿素变化机理对选育高光效品种,促进水稻增产具有重要意义.本研究以甲基磺酸乙酯(ethylmethylsulfone,EMS)诱变处理粳稻云引(YY)后发现的一个黄绿叶突变体w08(YGL)为材料,研究叶色突变对主要农艺性状、叶绿素含量、光合参数变化、水稻生理及亚显微结构的影响,并对该突变性状进行遗传分析、基因定位和功能验证.研究表明,突变体全生育期均表现为黄绿色.与野生型云引(YY)相比,突变体w08单株有效穗、结实率、千粒重分别降低46.7%、50.1%和18.3%,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别下降41.2%、98.7%、17.5%.光合速率检测结果表明,突变体净光合速率(Pn)显著降低,而细胞间CO_(2)(Ci)显著增加.对叶片叶绿体进行超微结构电子显微镜观察,结果发现,叶绿体内的类囊体基粒片层数目在突变体中明显减少.遗传分析结果表明,突变体黄绿叶性状为单基因遗传,受一对隐性核基因控制.利用突变体与雷蒙特(Lemont)杂交构建F2遗传群体,将该基因定位在10号染色体长臂GL8和T258两个标记之间,物理距离为60.2 kb,该区间包含14个候选基因.基因测序发现,该区间内的编码叶绿素酸酯氧化酶1(chlorophyllide a oxygenase1)蛋白的候选基因OsCAO1编码区CDS序列第957位碱基发生突变,形成一个终止密码子,使蛋白翻译提前终止.通过构建过表达和敲除载体进行转基因功能验证,进一步证实了OsCAO1基因功能.分析突变体中的激素含量和分蘖调控相关基因的表达,结果表明,突变体中水稻分蘖相关基因表达水平明显下降,生长素合成基因表达水平显著提高,水稻分蘖芽的生长素含量显著提高,从而证实OsCAO1基因突变抑制了水稻分蘖生长,使单株有效穗显著减少.
文摘在广谱抗稻瘟病品种云引与普感稻瘟病品种丽江新团黑谷(Lijiangxintuanheigu,LTH)构建的近等基因系抗、感病子代基因组重测序的差异基因中,从与免疫应答(immune response)相关的分类单元里得到8个基因序列有差异的基因.它们都为编码富含亮氨酸重复序列的类受体蛋白激酶基因,并聚集于11号染色体的邻近位置,且与已知的白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21具有一定同源性.为进一步探究这些类受体蛋白激酶类基因在稻瘟病抗性中可能发挥的功能,我们分析了这些基因的结构、进化及抗感子代间的序列差异类型,同时还分别采用离体和喷雾接菌的方式对云引和LTH进行稻瘟病接种并取样.通过实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction,q RT-PCR)发现,部分基因能受到稻瘟病菌的诱导,推测它们可能在水稻对抗稻瘟病病菌中发挥一定作用,为进一步挖掘稻瘟病相关抗性基因奠定基础.
基金the Science and Technology Major Project of Shanxi Province(Grant Numbers MC2016-06)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21173041)the Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials,China.
文摘Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4,CN)has attracted increasing interests in the field of photocatalysis due to its high visible-light-response.However,its photocatalytic activity is still lower for degradation of refractory contaminants such as Cr(Ⅵ)and Rhodamine B(RhB)etc.Herein,we report a facile method to synthesize a novel sulfur(S)-doped CN/reduced graphene oxide(rGO)porous nanosheet(S-CN/rGO PNs)via a supramolecular self-assembling followed by a solvothermal treatment.The as-prepared porous SCN/rGO PNs are stable with high specific surface area^188.5 m2 g-1 and exhibit a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity of^17-fold and 15-fold higher than that of bulk CN for the degradation of RhB and Cr(Ⅵ)under visible light irradiation,respectively.Typically,50 mL of 15 mg/mL RhB can be degraded within 20 min by 10 mg S-CN/rGO PNs.The mechanism can be explained by the synergistic effect of S doping and porous structure which can effectively reduce the band gap of CN and increase the specific surface area to promote the separation and transfer of photo-generated charge carriers.The results have provided a new way to significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 for degradation of refractory contaminants.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program Foundation of China(grant no.2016YFD0300508)the National Rice Industry Technology System of Modern Agriculture for China(grant no.CARS-01-20)+2 种基金the“5511”Collaborative Innovation Project for High-Quality Development and Surpasses of Agriculture between Government of Fujian and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(grant no.XTCXGC2021001)Key Program of Science and Technology in Fujian province,China(no.2020NZ08016)the Special Foundation of Non-Profit Research Institutes of Fujian Province(grant no.2018R1021-5).
文摘Plants usually keep resistance(R)proteins in a static state under normal conditions to avoid autoimmunity and save energy for growth,but R proteins can be rapidly activated upon perceiving pathogen invasion.Pib,the first cloned blast disease R gene in rice,encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)protein,mediates resistance to the blast fungal(Magnaporthe oryzae)isolates carrying the avirulence gene AvrPib.However,the molecular mechanisms about how Pib recognizes AvrPib and how it is inactivated and activated remain largely unclear.In this study,through map-based cloning and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing,we proved that Pib contributes to the blast disease resistance of rice cultivar Yunyin(YY).Furthermore,an SH3 domain-containing protein,SH3P2,was found to associate with Pib mainly at clathrin-coated vesicles in rice cells,via direct binding with the coiled-coil(CC)domain of Pib.Interestingly,overexpression of SH3P2 in YY compromised Pib-mediated resistance to M.oryzae isolates carrying AvrPib and Pib-AvrPib recognition-induced cell death.SH3P2 competitively inhibits the self-association of the Pib CC domain in vitro,suggesting that binding of SH3P2 with Pib undermines its homodimerization.Moreover,SH3P2 can also interact with AvrPib and displays higher affinity to AvrPib than to Pib,which leads to dissociation of SH3P2 from Pib in the presence of AvrPib.Taken together,our results suggest that SH3P2 functions as a“protector”to keep Pib in a static state by direct interaction during normal growth but could be triggered off by the invasion of AvrPib-carrying M.oryzae isolates.Our study reveals a new mechanism about how an NLR protein is inactivated under normal conditions but is activated upon pathogen infection.
基金financially supported by the Jiangsu Key Science and Technology Project(No.BE2019108)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21173041)the Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials,China。
文摘Developing environmentally friendly methods to produce hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))has received increasing attention.Photocatalysis has been proved to be a sustainable technology for H_(2)O_(2)production.Herein,the novel non-metal elements(B,P,and S)doped g-C_(3)N_(4)tubes(B-CNT,P-CNT,and S-CNT)photocatalysts were obtained via a hydrothermal synthesis followed by thermal polymerization.By adjusting the precursor,the yield of g-C_(3)N_(4)tubes(CNT)materials has been greatly improved.The as-prepared B-CNT,P-CNT,and S-CNT photocatalysts show an enhanced photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)production with the formation rate constants values of 42.31μM min^(-1),24.95μM min^(-1),and 24.22μM min^(-1),respectively,which is higher than that of bulk CN(16.40μM min^(-1)).The doped B,P,S elements significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity by adjusting their electronic structures and promoting the separation of electronhole carriers.The results have shown great potential for the practical application of CNT photocatalysts.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2013CB733505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41641033)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.20720170049)the Science and Technology Project of Xiamen City(No.3502Z20183009)。
文摘Chemical speciation can fundamentally affect the potential toxicity and bioavailability of heavy metals.The transformation of heavy metal speciation and change of bioavailability were investigated in an anaerobic digestion(AD)system using four different substrates(pig manure(PM),cattle manure(CAM),chicken manure(CHM)and rice straw(RS)).The results obtained indicated that the total contents of heavy metals in PM,CHM and GAM were higher than in RS and decreased in the order Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>As>Cd in all substrates.Moreover,the speciation with the largest proportion for each heavy metal was the same both in the different substrates and the biogas residues.Among them,Zn,Ni,Cd and As were mainly in the reducible fraction(F2),while Cu was mainly in the oxidizable fraction(F3)and Pb occurred predominantly in the residual fraction(F4).Our results further indicated that the AD process had a greater effect on the speciation of heavy metals in CHM and PM,but less on CAM and RS.The rates of change in bioavailability followed the order PM>CHM>CAM>RS.Changes in organic matter,humic acid or local metal ion environment as a result of AD were inferred as likely mechanisms leading to the transformation of heavy metal speciation.These results enhanced our understanding of the behavior of heavy metals in AD and provided a new perspective for the treatment and disposal of the substrates.
