Expert consensus on One Health for establishing an enhanced and integrated surveillance system for key infectious diseases

China has been continuously improving its monitoring methods and strategies to address key infectious diseases(KIDs).After the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003,China established a comprehensive report-ing system for infectious diseases(IDs)and public health emergencies.The relatively lagging warning thresholds,limited warning information,and outdated warning technology are insufficient to meet the needs of comprehensive monitoring for modern KIDs.Strengthening early monitoring and warning capabilities to enhance the public health system has become a top priority,with increasing demand for early warning thresholds,information,and tech-niques,thanks to constant innovation and development in molecular biology,bioinformatics,artificial intelligence,and other identification and analysis technologies.A panel of 31 experts has recommended a fourth-generation comprehensive surveillance system targeting KIDs(41 notifiable diseases and emerging IDs).The aim of this surveil-lance system is to systematically monitor the epidemiology and causal pathogens of KIDs in hosts such as humans,animals,and vectors,along with associated environmental pathogens.By integrating factors influencing epidemic spread and risk assessment,the surveillance system can serve to detect,predict,and provide early warnings for the occurrence,development,variation,and spread of known or novel KIDs.Moreover,we recommend comprehensive ID monitoring based on the fourth-generation surveillance system,along with a data-integrated monitoring and early warning platform and a consortium pathogen detection technology system.This series of considerations is based on systematic and comprehensive monitoring across multiple sectors,dimensions,factors,and pathogens that is sup-ported by data integration and connectivity.This expert consensus will provides an opportunity for collaboration in various fields and relies on interdisciplinary application to enhance comprehensive monitoring,prediction,and early warning capabilities for the next generation of ID surveillance.This expert consensus will serve as a reference for ID prevention and control as well as other related activities.

All five COVID-19 outbreaks during epidemic period of 2020/2021 in China were instigated by asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals

Introduction:The significance of asymptomatic or pre-asymptomatic individuals in driving the COVID-19 epidemic in China or other countries remains uncertain.Method:We collected and analyzed all the epidemiologic and virological diagnostic details of the infected individuals released by public health authorities and reiterated every episode of outbreak on a timeline.All individuals associated with the five outbreaks had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Results:In this study,all five COVID-19 outbreaks reported in China since October 2020 were analyzed.The Kashgar outbreak in Xinjiang province came into light for the first time on October 22,2020.However,it was initiated before October 11,2020,by a local asymptomatic import and export worker,who was infected at the working place.Subsequently,his wife caught the infection,which led to 430 more infections reported in the outbreak.The Beijing outbreak with 41 cases was noticed for the first time on December 22,2020.However,our analysis revealed that it was initiated by an asymptomatic individual from Indonesia on December 10,2020.The Shenyang outbreak,with 38 cases,noticed for the first time on December 23,2020,was initiated by a pre-symptomatic individual from South Korea on December 13,2020.Conclusion:The asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals during the asymptomatic period were unsuspectingly infected by SARS-CoV-2,and unintentionally transmitted the virus to a large number of people.These findings suggest that early detection of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals is of critical importance in preventing future outbreaks or epidemics.

Food-trade-associated COVID-19 outbreak from a contaminated wholesale food supermarket in Beijing

The re-emerging outbreak of COVID-19 in Beijing,China,in the summer of 2020 originated from a SARSCoV-2-infested wholesale food supermarket.We postulated that the Xinfadi market outbreak has links with food-trade activities.Our Susceptible to the disease,Infectious,and Recovered coupled Agent Based Modelling(SIR-ABM)analysis for studying the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 particles suggested that the trade-distancing strategy effectively reduces the reproduction number(R0).The retail shop closure strategy reduced the number of visitors to the market by nearly half.In addition,the buy-local policy option reduced the infection by more than 70%in total.Therefore,retail closures and buy-local policies could serve as significantly effective strategies that have the potential to reduce the size of the outbreak and prevent probable outbreaks in the future.