Multivariety and multimanufacturer drug identification based on near-infrared spectroscopy and recurrent neural network

Near-infrared(NIR)spectral analysis,which has the advantages of rapidness,nondestruction and high-efficiency,is widely used in the detection of feed,food and mineral.In terms of qualitative identification,it can also be used for the discriminant analysis of medicines.Long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network,bidirectional long short-term memory(BiLSTM)neural network and gated recurrent unit(GRU)network are variants of the recurrent neural network(RNN).The potential relationship between nonlinear features learned from the sequence by these variants is used to complete the missions infields such as natural language processing,signal classification and video analysis.Since the effect of these variants in drug identification is still to be studied,this paper constructs a multiclassifier of these three variants,using compoundα-keto acid tablets produced by four manufacturers and repaglinide tablets produced by five manufacturers as the research object.Then,the paper analyzes the impacts of seven different preprocessed methods on the drug NIR data by constructing different layers of LSTM,BiLSTM and GRU networks and compares different classification model indicators and training time of each model.When the spectrum data are pre-processed by z-score normalization,the GRU-3 model has the best accuracy in all models.The BiLSTM models are better for analyzing high coincidence data.The method proposed in this paper can be further extended to other NIR spectroscopy data sets.

Interaction between OCT1 and LPIN1 polymorphisms and response to pioglitazone-metformin tablets in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

To the Editor:Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age.PCOS is characterized by infrequent or absent ovulation,high androgen levels,and hyperinsulinaemia.Androgenic excess is the main pathophysiological mechanism of the disease.Metformin can lower insulin and androgen levels,increase estradiol levels,and induce ovulation.^([1])Pioglitazone can increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin,improve insulin resistance,reduce androgen levels,restore the menstrual cycle,and promote ovulation.^([2])Despite extensive research,the molecular mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of metformin or pioglitazone in the treatment of PCOS are still unclear.There are also differences in individual patient responses to drugs.

Advertisement vs.Monetary Subsidy:Which is Better for Remanufacturing?

The government subsidy plays an important role in the recycling and remanufacturing process of a closed-loop supply chain.This paper focuses on the impacts of different patterns of government subsidy on the chain members'profits and the environment.Furthermore,we develop three models in a supply chain including a manufacturer,a retailer and a collector,namely(1)the government invests public service advertisement to stimulate the remanufacturing process(Model AS);(2)the government offers only monetary subsidy to the collector(Model MS);(3)the government allocates the subsidy into two parts,namely both advertisement and monetary subsidy(Model HS).We find that,no matter which subsidy pattern the government adopts,both the manufacturer and the collector are beneficiaries of the government subsidy,and that such subsidizing activity is definitely conducive to the environmental sustainability.Taking into account the chain members,profits and the environmental impact,the optimal hybrid subsidy scheme(Model HS)is more beneficial than that in both Model MS and Model AS,which can be attributed to the combination of the incentives provided by the public service advertisement and the price attraction by the monetary subsidy.We also find that,for single advertisement and monetary subsidy,the amount of government subsidy will decide their merits and demerits.The direct monetary subsidy in Model MS will have a greater influence regarding to the supply quantity of used products than the mere advertisement subsidy in Model AS when the subsidy is relatively large.