Validating the use of ROS-scavenging bacteria as probiotics to increase coral resilience to thermal stress

Thermal stress causes the overproduction and toxic accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),which seems to be correlated with coral bleaching and,ultimately,death.The reduction of ROS concentration within the coral holobiont could minimize the effects of thermal stress and support efforts to reduce coral decline globally.In the current study,we explored the physiological responses of Pocillopora damicornis to ROS-scavenging bacteria inoculation as well as the microbiome restructuring that correlates with P.damicornis’s resilience to thermal stress after probiotic inoculation.Inoculation of corals with ROS-scavenging bacteria enhanced coral health and reduced ROS concentration.Furthermore,the enhanced coral thermal resistance promoted by ROS-scavenging bacteria was also correlated with an overall coral microbiome restructuring.In addition,the complex network relationships between bacteria and Symbiodiniaceae in corals after ROS-scavenging bacteria inoculation contributed to corals’resilience to high temperatures.Besides,coral heat tolerance bacterial biomarkers,such as Myxococcota,were enriched in corals with added ROS-scavenging bacteria.Collectively,our findings validate the selected ROS-scavenging bacteria as coral probiotics that could help corals resist thermal stress on a short timescale.Additionally,our data contribute to our understanding of the potential interactions between different members of the coral holobiont and the use of probiotics as tools to aid coral restoration efforts.

Seasonal changes in gut microbiota of sea cucumber over natural aestivation cycle

Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is an ideal model organism for marine invertebrate aestivation;it annually enters a“sleeping state”for nearly 3 months when ambient water temperature range is 25–30℃.The natural fasting is accompanied by remodeling the intestinal biota and function,which is a part of host biology and could affect the gut microbiota.We investigatesd the impact of annual aestivation on gut microbiota using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons.Results reveal a notable alteration in the composition of gut bacteria during aestivation during which various indigenous families and genera that exhibit a preference for dietary glycans(e.g.,family Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae)decreased,while the taxa capable of utilizing substrates derived from the host(e.g.,genus Akkermansia and Prevotella)increased,and so did certain opportunistic pathogenic bacteria.Moreover,the investigation delved into the gut morphology and immunity response of A.japonicus and reveal that the intestine of A.japonicus undergoes substantial atrophy and degeneration during aestivation.However,there was an observed augmentation in the levels of acid and neutral mucin within mucous cells,as well as an enhanced immune defense response(as evidenced by increased gene expression of AjTLR3,LITAF,Ajp105,and LYZ).These results imply that the composition of sea cucumber gut microbiota differed between aestivation and active periods,which potentially affects the intestinal functions of the host and the symbiotic relationship between host and its microbiota over the activeaestivation cycle.

Microstructure and Hot Tearing Sensitivity Simulation and Parameters Optimization for the Centrifugal Casting of Al-Cu Alloy

Four typical theories on the formation of thermal tears:strength,liquid film,intergranular bridging,and solidifica-tion shrinkage compensation theories.From these theories,a number of criteria have been derived for predicting the formation of thermal cracks,such as the stress-based Niyama,Clyne,and RDG(Rapaz-Dreiser-Grimaud)criteria.In this paper,a mathematical model of horizontal centrifugal casting was established,and numerical simulation analysis was conducted for the centrifugal casting process of cylindrical Al-Cu alloy castings to investigate the effect of the centrifugal casting process conditions on the microstructure and hot tearing sensitivity of alloy castings by using the modified RDG hot tearing criterion.Results show that increasing the centrifugal rotation and pouring speeds can refine the microstructure of the alloy but increasing the pouring and mold preheating temperatures can lead to an increase in grain size.The grain size gradually transitions from fine grain on the outer layer to coarse grain on the inner layer.Meanwhile,combined with the modified RDG hot tearing criterion,the overall distribution of the castings’hot tearing sensitivity was analyzed.The analysis results indicate that the porosity in the middle region of the casting was large,and hot tearing defects were prone to occur.The hot tearing tendency on the inner side of the casting was greater than that on the outer side.The effects of centrifugal rotation speed,pouring temperature,and preheating temperature on the thermal sensitivity of Al-Cu alloy castings are summarized in this paper.This study revealed that the tendency of alloy hot cracking decreases with the increase of the centrifugal speed,and the maximum porosity of castings decreases first and then increases with the pouring temperature.As the preheating temperature increases,the overall maximum porosity of castings shows a decreasing trend.

实习考核制度探析:现状、问题与优化路径——基于高校实习规章的文本分析

在扎根理论的指导下,运用质性研究方法,在“Nvivo 11”软件的帮助下,关键词从文本中被提取并进行聚类分析,文本内容通过编码形成了两级节点体系。通过对编码节点和数量等方面的研究,实习考核制度存在着关键环节缺失、考核主体单一、结果导向、指标抽象和反馈不足的问题。为此,高校在规章中必须扩充考核主体、注重过程性考核、量化考核标准、加强结果反馈,并利用信息化手段提高效率,这些对于解决实习考核制度在实践中的问题具有优化顶层设计的重要意义。

Recent trends of machine learning applied to multi-source data of medicinal plants

In traditional medicine and ethnomedicine,medicinal plants have long been recognized as the basis for materials in therapeutic applications worldwide.In particular,the remarkable curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine during corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has attracted extensive attention globally.Medicinal plants have,therefore,become increasingly popular among the public.However,with increasing demand for and profit with medicinal plants,commercial fraudulent events such as adulteration or counterfeits sometimes occur,which poses a serious threat to the clinical outcomes and interests of consumers.With rapid advances in artificial intelligence,machine learning can be used to mine information on various medicinal plants to establish an ideal resource database.We herein present a review that mainly introduces common machine learning algorithms and discusses their application in multi-source data analysis of medicinal plants.The combination of machine learning algorithms and multi-source data analysis facilitates a comprehensive analysis and aids in the effective evaluation of the quality of medicinal plants.The findings of this review provide new possibilities for promoting the development and utilization of medicinal plants.

Antibacterial Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicines against Streptococcus iniae in Oreochromis niloticus

In this study, the antibacterial effects of Chinese herbal medicines against Streptococcus iniae in Oreochromis niloticus were investigated by drug sensitiv- ity test. The results indicated that Streptococcus in/ae was extremely sensitive to Calla Chinensis, Fructus Hippophae and Fructus Murne, highly sensitive to Sappan Lignum, Pericarpium Granati, Folium Eucalypti and Radix Scutellariae, moderately sensitive to Rh/zoma Coptidis, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Flos Caryophyllata, Cortex phellodendri and Rabdosia serra （ Maxim. ） Hara, and insensitive to Herba Portulacae , Herba Houttuyniae , Polygonum hydropiper L. , Herba Menthae , Radix Glycyrrhizae , Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae , Herba Andrographitis and Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii. Chinese medicinal herbs which Streptococcus iniae was extremely sensitive or moderately sensitive to were selected and prepared into three Chinese herbal medicine formulae for medicated bath of Oreochromis niloticus infected arti- ficially with Streptococcus iniae. The results showed that medicated bath elicited therapeutic effects on infected Oreochromis niloticus. Formula II exhibited the best therapeutic effect with an effective percentage of 90%.

Microbiome Engineering:A Promising Approach to Improve Coral Health

The world’s coral reefs are threatened by the cumulative impacts of global climate change and local stressors.Driven largely by a desire to understand the interactions between corals and their symbiotic microorganisms,and to use this knowledge to eventually improve coral health,interest in coral microbiology and the coral microbiome has increased in recent years.In this review,we summarize the role of the coral microbiome in maintaining a healthy metaorganism by providing nutrients,support for growth and development,protection against pathogens,and mitigation of environmental stressors.We explore the concept of coral microbiome engineering,that is,precise and controlled manipulation of the coral microbiome to aid and enhance coral resilience and tolerance in the changing oceans.Although coral microbiome engineering is clearly in its infancy,several recent breakthroughs indicate that such engineering is an effective tool for restoration and preservation of these valuable ecosystems.To assist with identifying future research targets,we have reviewed the common principles of microbiome engineering and its applications in improving human health and agricultural productivity,drawing parallels to where coral microbiome engineering can advance in the not-too-distant future.Finally,we end by discussing the challenges faced by researchers and practitioners in the application of microbiome engineering in coral reefs and provide recommendations for future work.

Expression of Nucleoprotein Gene of CTN Strain Rabies Virus from China in <i>E. coli </i>with Antigenicity

The nucleoprotein (NP) gene of rabies CTN strain isolated from China was recombined into pMal-c2x. The antigenicity of the recombined MBP-NP fusion proteins was examined by western blotting and by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that the recombined protein possesses predominant antigenicity.

Diversity and geographical distribution of haptophyte Phaeocystis in the Chinese seas based on metabarcoding analysis

Phaeocystis is an important bloom-forming species and over 100 blooms have occurred since 1997 along the Chinese coasts,while only the species P.globosa was described.In this project,a total of 246 phytoplankton samples collected from the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea,and the East China Sea in April 2021 were analyzed to evaluate the species diversity and geographical distribution of the genus Phaeocystis based on metabarcoding 18S r DNA sequence.Four described Phaeocystis species were recognized,including P.globosa,P.pouchetii,P.jahnii,and P.cordata,and each has distinguished geographical distribution characteristics.P.globosa was the most widespread and abundant species,and P.pouchetii was found in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea with substantially elevated abundance.P.cordata was also a widespread species,but its abundance was relatively low,while P.jahnii gathered only in the southeastern East China Sea.Water temperature,phosphate as well as ammonium contents were found to be associated with the abundance of P.globosa,P.pouchetii,and P.jahnii significantly.Moreover,two uncharacterized Phaeocystis species were detected in the Chinese seas,indicating the diversity of the genus remains underestimated worldwide.

新冠疫情背景下城乡社区治理创新

2020年新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发时,作为守护人民群众第一道防线的城乡社区凸显了中流砥柱作用,随着疫情常态化的发展,城乡社区疫情防控工作面临着更多的风险和挑战,作者分析总结城乡社区在新冠疫情背景下工作实践中做法和经验不足的基础上,从《“十四五”城乡社区服务体系建设规划》中城乡社区服务体系、城乡社区服务格局、城乡社区服务供给等方面推进城乡社区治理现代化创新。

Effect of Echinacea Polysaccharide on Secretion of IkB-αmRNA by IEC-6 Injured by LPS

[ Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of Echinacea polysaccharide （EPS） in treatment of various bacterial infection and reduction of inflammation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinic application of EPS. [ Method ] Nuclear protein extracted from six groups, the normal control group, the simple lipopolysaccharide （LPS） group and the EPS （ with concentrations of 50,100,200 and 500 μg/ml, respectively） ＋ LPS groups was subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and pIkB-α protein contents in the extracts were analyzed by Coomassie brilliant blue （CBB） staining and Western-Blot method. [ Result] The simple LPS group showed the highest pIkB-α protein level, and in the EPS concentration range of 0 -200 μg/ml, the expression level of pIkB-α pro- tein was improved with the increase of EPS concentration. [ Conclusion The expression level of pIkB-α protein was improved under the simulation of IEC-6 by LPS, while EPS could effectively inhibit the expression of pIkB-α protein. The expression level of pIkB-α was the lowest in the LPS ＋500 μg/ml EPS group.

Effect of Echinacea Polysaccharide on Secretion of IL-1αmRNA by IEC-6 Injured by LPS

[ Objective ] This study was conducted to investigate Echinacea polysaccharide （EPS） on expression of tumor necrosis factor （TNF） under injury of intestinal epithelial cells （IEC-6） by lipopolysaccharide （LPS）, so as to discuss the action mechanism of EPS to injured cells. [Method] Total DNA was extracted with TRIzon reagent, TNF-α mRNA was amplified, and the amplification products were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and imaging. [Result] 50 μg/ml EPS could partially inhibited the production of IL-α mRNA by IEC-6 under the stimulation of LPS, while the inhibition of 2（10 and 500 μg/ml EPS on the level of IL-1α mRNA gradually increased with the concentration increasing; and IEC-6 cells pretreated with 50,100,200 and 500 μg/ml EPS for 24 h and then stimulated by 10 μml IPS for 1 and 4 h were analyzed by RT-PCR method, and it was found that the expression of IL-α mRNA induced by LPS could be effectively inhibited by EPS, and the inhibition rate at 4 h was higher than that at 1 h. [ Conclusion] EPS could play its role of protecting intestinal mucosa by inhibiting the secretion of IL-1α mRNA by cells under the stimulation of LPS, and such inhibition effects of EPS had concentration dependency and time dependency.

Effects of Two Drugs on Small Intestinal Epithelial Lymphocytes of Experimental Piglets with Spleen Deficiency

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of Guchang Cuzhang powder and Smecta on small intestinal epithelial lymphocytes of piglets with spleen deficiency and diarrhea induced by Reserpine. [ Method] Eighteen piglets with reserpine-induced spleen deficiency and diarrhea were selected and randomly divided into three groups, six per group, including Guchang Cuzhang powder group, Smeeta group and spleen deficiency control group. Piglets in two drug adnfinistration groups were treated for 7 d using Guchang Cuzhang powder and Smecta, respectively. On the 2nd d and 8th d after drug withdrawal, three piglets in each group were euthanized by jugular vein bleeding to death. Intestine segments in different groups were collected for paraffin embedding, section preparation and HE staining, to conduct histological observation and count the number of small intestinal epithelial lymphocytes. [ Result ] Compared with the spleen deficiency control group, the number of lymphocytes in small intestinal epithelium of piglets in two drug administration groups increased significantly; in addition, the number of lymphocytes in small intestinal epithelium of piglets in Guchang Cuzhang powder group was significantly higher than that in Smecta group. [ Conclusion ] This study provided theoretical basis for the clinical applieation of Guchang Cuzhang powder and Smecta.

PCR Detection of Pilus-associated Genes and Serotype Identification of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Chickens in the Jidong Area

[ Objective] This study aimed to explore the presence of type I pill （fimC gene） and P pill （papC gene） and identify the serotype of pathogenic E. coli isolated from chickens in the Jidong Area. [ Method] Type I pill （fimC gene） and P pill （papC gene） were detected by PCR. The serotype was identified by con- ventional agglutination test. [ Result ] The results showed that 100% of chicken-derived E. coil strains expressed type I pill （fimC gene） ; 39.1% （9/23） of chick- en-derived E. coli strains expressed P pill （papC gene）. In addition, 23 isolates of chicken-derived E. coil were assigned to 14 O serotypes, including O78, O93, O 45, O101, O38, O88, O24, O1, O163, O53, O15, O87, O34 and O29, among which O78 was the dominant serotype that accounted for 42.8% （6/14） of the total strain number. [ Conclusion] Chicken-derived E. coli strains in the Jidong Area belonged to 14 serotypes, and 078 was the dominant serotype; 83.3% of 078 serotvDe E. coli strains expressed both tvDe I Dill and P Dill.

PCR Detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in Dairy Cows Suffering from Mastitis

[ Objective ] This study aimed to identify Streptococcus agalactiae and lay the foundation for the prevention and control of mastiffs in dairy cows. [ Method] Ten strains were isolated from milk samples produced by diseased dairy cows suffering from mastitis for morphologic observation, culture characteristic investigation, biochemical identification and Lancefield grouping. The isolated strains were identified at the molecular level by nested-PCR. [ Result] Among the ten isolates, six strains were 13-hemolytic and Gram-positive on blood agar, belonging to Lancefield group B, which were identified as Streptococcus agalactiae by biochemical identification and nested-PCR. After overnight incubation, the coincidence rate between results of nested-PCR detection and biochemical identification reached 100%. [ Conclusion ] Bacterial incubation, rapid DNA extraction and specific PCR can provide basis for early epidemiological survey of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in cattle.

Screening of Chinese Herbal Medicines against Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus and Escherichia coli

[ Objective] This study aimed to screen Chinese herbal medicines against avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus and Escherichia coli. [ Method ] Conventional Chinese medicine plate dilution method, plate punching method and test tube method were applied to screen Chinese herbal medicines against avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus based on chicken embryo inoculation experiment. [ Result ] Forsythia suspensa, Radix lsatidis, Isatis iadigotica, Lonicera japonica, Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus membranaceus, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, C, tyeyrrhiza uralensis and Pericarpium granati had relatively strong anti-ILTV effect; among the Chinese herbal medicines against avian E. coli, Sanguisorba offwinalis, Fructus Mume, Rheum palmatum, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Radix Scutellariae and Fagopyrum cymosum had relatively strong effect against avian E. coli Os, while other Chinese herbal medicines had relatively weak or no inhibitory effect on avian E. coli 0s and 05. [ Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for further development of Chinese herbal medicine compound preparations to treat avian infectious laryngotracheitis, avian colibacillosis and other viral diseases and bacterial diseases.

Histopathological Observation of Goose Escherichia coli Disease

[ Objective] This study aimed to provide reliable basis for in-depth understanding of histopathological changes in geese suffering from Escherichia coli disease and accurate diagnosis of goose E. coli disease. [ Method] By using paraffin embedding, section slicing and HE staining, histopathological changes in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and small intestine tissues of three diseased geese were observed. [ Result] The liver generated protein fiber membranes, showing liver cell degeneration, increasing number of red blood cells in sinusoids and liver congestion; the kidney had relatively serious lesions, including renal tubular epithelial cell degeneration, necrosis and shedding from the basement membrane and hyaline degeneration of glomerulars. The lung showed epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis and was filled with a large number of red blood cells and shedded epithelial cells, showing typical red hepatization; a large number of red blood ceils were aggregated in pulmonary blood vessels, resulting in lung congestion. Epithelial ceils of various digestive tubes all showed varying degrees of minor shed- ding and local infiltration of inflammatory ceils, thereby leading to death of geese due to substance metabolism, electrolyte and acid-base balance disorders and metabolic acidosis. [ Conclusion] Based on epidemiology survey, clinical symptom observation, pathological necropsy and laboratory diagnosis, the diseased geese were confirmed to be suffering from E. coli disease.

Histopathological Observation of Classical Swine Fever in Newborn Piglets

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate pathological changes in various organs of piglets infected with classical swine fever and provide reliable basis for accurate diagnosis of classical swine fever. [ Method] By using paraffin embedding, section slicing and HE staining, histopathological changes in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and small intestine tissues of five diseased piglets were observed. C Result] Classical swine fever virus could lead to multiple visceral and mueosal hemorrhages, inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis and other pathological changes. [ Conclusion ] Classical swine fever virus can further cause progressive degeneration and necrosis of different cells, resulting in immune injury.

Histopathological Observation of Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther with Abdominal Dropsy in Industrial Aquaculture

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate and analyze the histopathological changes in various tissues and organs of Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther with abdominal dropsy. [ Method] By HE staining, pathological tissues of main organs of C. semilaevis Giinther with abdominal dropsy were observed. [ Result] According to the results of histopathological observation, C. semilaevis Gilnther with abdominal dropsy exhibited a large amount of ascites in the abdominal cavity; small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells were denatured and necrotic, and shed into the enteric cavity, with submucosal vascular congestion; the liver and pancreas tissues were denatured and necrotic, and the morphology of most liver cells disappeared. However, there was no remarkable pathological change in the heart, spleen and other organs. [ Conclusion] C. semilaevis Gtinther with abdominal dropsy exhibited serious pathological and histochemical lesions in the small intestine, liver and pancreas, causing metabolic disorders.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Virulence Factor Genes in Salmonella from Chicken

Salmonella is a common genus of seriously harmful food-borne zoonotic bacteria. Humans and animals may be infected with Salmonella through ingestion of SalmoneUa-contaminated eggs and poultry meat. Therefore, in order to reduce the incidence of Salmonella infections, it is crucial to explore the pathogenic mech- anism of Salmonella. invA and invE are major virulence factor genes that encode invasion proteins of Salmonella. In order to explore the pathogenic mechanism of Salmonella, phylogenetic analysis of major virulence factor genes in 33 Salmonella strains isolated from chicken was analyzed. According to the results, ivnA gene was successfully amplified from 33 Salmonella strains; ivnE gene was successfully amplified from 32 Salmonella strains, ivnA nucleotide sequences shared 72.9% - 97.6% homology among 12 sequenced Salmonella strains and shared 78.9% - 97.2% homology with those in GenBank ; ivnE nucleotide sequences shared over 95.3% homology among 23 sequenced Salmonella strains and shared 89.6% -98.6% homology with those in GenBank, which exhibited no genetic relationship to other organisms. This study provided the basis for rapid molecular detection, epidemiological research and molecular pathogenesis analysis of Salmonella.