The pulsations and translations of cavitation bubbles obey combined ordinary differential equations,and their nonlinearities are studied by the bifurcation diagram and the phase diagram in a strong ultrasonic field.Bu...The pulsations and translations of cavitation bubbles obey combined ordinary differential equations,and their nonlinearities are studied by the bifurcation diagram and the phase diagram in a strong ultrasonic field.Bubble pulsation can change regularly or irregularly with changing driving pressure in the time domain.The bifurcation diagrams of the pulsation versus driving pressure show that the pulsations and translations of bubbles have nonlinear characteristics,and the nonlinear translations of bubbles can disorder the pulsations for certain parameters.Disorder of the pulsation can also be caused by nonlinear pulsation itself.In addition,the phase diagrams also show that the nonlinear translations make a large contribution to the pulsations.The same result can also be obtained when the ambient radii of two bubbles are different.展开更多
Over time,wild crops have been domesticated by humans,and the knowledge gained from parallel selection and convergent domestication-related studies in cereals has contributed to current techniques used in molecular pl...Over time,wild crops have been domesticated by humans,and the knowledge gained from parallel selection and convergent domestication-related studies in cereals has contributed to current techniques used in molecular plant breeding.Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)is the world’s fifth-most popular cereal crop and was one of the first crops cultivated by ancient farmers.In recent years,genetic and genomic studies have provided a better understanding of sorghum domestication and improvements.Here,we discuss the origin,diversification,and domestication processes of sorghum based on archeological discoveries and genomic analyses.This review also comprehensively summarized the genetic basis of key genes related to sorghum domestication and outlined their molecular mechanisms.It highlights that the absence of a domestication bottleneck in sorghum is the result of both evolution and human selection.Additionally,understanding beneficial alleles and their molecular interactions will allow us to quickly design new varieties by further de novo domestication.展开更多
Bird predation during seed maturation causes great loss to agricultural production.In this study,through GWAS analysis of a large-scale sorghum germplasm diversity panel,we identified that Tannin1,which encodes a WD40...Bird predation during seed maturation causes great loss to agricultural production.In this study,through GWAS analysis of a large-scale sorghum germplasm diversity panel,we identified that Tannin1,which encodes a WD40 protein functioning in the WD40/MYB/bHLH complex,controls bird feeding behavior in sorghum.Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a group of sorghum accessions preferred by birds contain mutated tan1-a/b alleles and accumulate significantly lower levels of anthocyanins and condensed tannin compounds.In contrast,a variety of aromatic and fatty acid-derived volatiles accumulate at significantly higher levels in these bird-preference accessions.We subsequently conducted both sparrow feeding and sparrow volatile attractant assays,which confirmed,respectively,the antifeedant and attractant functions of these differentially accumulated metabolites.In addition,the connection between the biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin and the pathway of fatty acid–derived volatile biosynthesis was demonstrated by discovering that Tannin1 complex modulates fatty acid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of SbGL2 in sorghum,thus affecting the accumulation of fatty acid-derived volatiles.Taken together,our study identified Tannin1 as the gene underlying the major locus controlling bird feeding behavior in sorghum,illustrating an example of the identification of an ecologically impactful molecular mechanism from field observation and providing significant insights into the chemistry of bird–plant ecological interactions.展开更多
The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants again...The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants against salt stress.Here we report that VPS23A,a component of the ESCRT(endosomal sorting complex required for transport),plays an essential role in the function of the SOS module in conferring plant salt tolerance.VPS23A enhances the interaction of SOS2 and SOS3.In the presence of salt stress,VPS23A positively regulates the redistribution of SOS2 to the plasma membrane,which then activates the antiporter activity of SOS1 to reduce Na+accumulation in plant cells.Genetic evidence demonstrated that plant salt tolerance achieved by the overexpression of SOS2 and SOS3 dependeds on VPS23A.Taken together,our results revealed that VPS23A is a crucial regulator of the SOS module and affects the localization of SOS2 to the cell membrane.Moreover,the strong salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings conferred by the engineered membrane-bound SOS2 revealed the significance of SOS2 sorting to the cell membrane in achieving its function,providing a potential strategy for crop salt tolerance engineering.展开更多
Sorghum,the fifth largest cereal crop,has high value as a staple food and raw material for liquor and vinegar brewing.Due to its high biomass and quality,it is also used as the second most planted silage resource.No f...Sorghum,the fifth largest cereal crop,has high value as a staple food and raw material for liquor and vinegar brewing.Due to its high biomass and quality,it is also used as the second most planted silage resource.No fragrant sorghums are currently on the market.Through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Sb BADH2,we obtained sorghum lines with extraordinary aromatic smell in both seeds and leaves.Animal feeding experiments showed that fragrant sorghum leaves were attractable.We believe this advantage will produce great value in the sorghum market for both grain and whole biomass forage.展开更多
Dear Editor, Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key hormone involved in plant growth and development,as well as stress adaptation.Recently,a core ABA signal pathway was proposed in which the ABA receptor proteins (PYR/PYL/RCAR)...Dear Editor, Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key hormone involved in plant growth and development,as well as stress adaptation.Recently,a core ABA signal pathway was proposed in which the ABA receptor proteins (PYR/PYL/RCAR) bind and inhibit type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) in the presence of ABA,which in turn releases the SnRK2s kinases,and the phosphorylated SnRK2s accumulate and subsequently phosphorylate the ABA-responsive element binding factors (Melcher et al.,2009;Cutler et al.,2010).展开更多
Accumulating evidence has revealed that the ubiquitin proteasome system plays fundamental roles in the regulation of diverse cellular activities in eukaryotes.The ubiquitin protein ligases(E3s)are central to the prote...Accumulating evidence has revealed that the ubiquitin proteasome system plays fundamental roles in the regulation of diverse cellular activities in eukaryotes.The ubiquitin protein ligases(E3s)are central to the proteasome system because of their ability to determine its substrate specificity.Several studies have demonstrated the essential role of a group of ER(endoplasmic reticulum)-localized E3s in the positive or negative regulation of cell homeostasis.Most ER-related E3s are conserved between plants and mammals,and a few plant-specific components have been reported.In this review,we summarize the functions of ERrelated E3s in plant growth,ER-associated protein degradation and ER-phagy,abiotic and biotic stress responses,and hormone signaling.Furthermore,we highlight several questions that remain to be addressed and suggest directions for further research on ER-related E3 ubiquitin ligases.展开更多
Plant fertility influences crop yield and quality,and thus is an important economic trait for agricultural production.Therefore,it is essential to understand the precise molecular mechanisms that control plant fertili...Plant fertility influences crop yield and quality,and thus is an important economic trait for agricultural production.Therefore,it is essential to understand the precise molecular mechanisms that control plant fertility.In the past decades,many studies demonstrated that the phytohormones gibberellin(GA)and abscisic acid(ABA)play key roles in the regulation of plant fertility(Kasembe,1967;Stein,1971;Jacobsen and Olszewski,1991;Zhu et al.,2010),but the detailed mechanisms largely remain unknown so far.GA positively modulates anther formation and pollen development.As early as in 1967,Kasembe found that a barley variety which was named by"Maris Baldric",exhibited the male sterile phenotype unless supplied with exogenous GA(Kasembe.1967).This study demonstrated that GA is essen-展开更多
基金We would like to thank Dr Nam-Hai Chua （Rockefeller Univer- sity） for kindly providing the pBA002Myc vector and the Arabi- dopsis Biological Resource Center （ABRC）, Ohio State University for providing ToDNA insertion lines. This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30530400/90717006/30670195） to Q Xie and Y Wu, the Chinese Academy of Science （KSCX2-YW-N-010 and CXTD-S2005-2）, and the （iuangdong Natural Science Foundation, China （No. 5300648） to Z Deng.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12074185).
文摘The pulsations and translations of cavitation bubbles obey combined ordinary differential equations,and their nonlinearities are studied by the bifurcation diagram and the phase diagram in a strong ultrasonic field.Bubble pulsation can change regularly or irregularly with changing driving pressure in the time domain.The bifurcation diagrams of the pulsation versus driving pressure show that the pulsations and translations of bubbles have nonlinear characteristics,and the nonlinear translations of bubbles can disorder the pulsations for certain parameters.Disorder of the pulsation can also be caused by nonlinear pulsation itself.In addition,the phase diagrams also show that the nonlinear translations make a large contribution to the pulsations.The same result can also be obtained when the ambient radii of two bubbles are different.
基金Funding This review was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD1002701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1906204)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010306)the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(32201780)the Agricultural Breeding Program in NingXia Province(2019NYYZ04 and 2019BBF02022-05).
文摘Over time,wild crops have been domesticated by humans,and the knowledge gained from parallel selection and convergent domestication-related studies in cereals has contributed to current techniques used in molecular plant breeding.Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)is the world’s fifth-most popular cereal crop and was one of the first crops cultivated by ancient farmers.In recent years,genetic and genomic studies have provided a better understanding of sorghum domestication and improvements.Here,we discuss the origin,diversification,and domestication processes of sorghum based on archeological discoveries and genomic analyses.This review also comprehensively summarized the genetic basis of key genes related to sorghum domestication and outlined their molecular mechanisms.It highlights that the absence of a domestication bottleneck in sorghum is the result of both evolution and human selection.Additionally,understanding beneficial alleles and their molecular interactions will allow us to quickly design new varieties by further de novo domestication.
文摘Bird predation during seed maturation causes great loss to agricultural production.In this study,through GWAS analysis of a large-scale sorghum germplasm diversity panel,we identified that Tannin1,which encodes a WD40 protein functioning in the WD40/MYB/bHLH complex,controls bird feeding behavior in sorghum.Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a group of sorghum accessions preferred by birds contain mutated tan1-a/b alleles and accumulate significantly lower levels of anthocyanins and condensed tannin compounds.In contrast,a variety of aromatic and fatty acid-derived volatiles accumulate at significantly higher levels in these bird-preference accessions.We subsequently conducted both sparrow feeding and sparrow volatile attractant assays,which confirmed,respectively,the antifeedant and attractant functions of these differentially accumulated metabolites.In addition,the connection between the biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin and the pathway of fatty acid–derived volatile biosynthesis was demonstrated by discovering that Tannin1 complex modulates fatty acid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of SbGL2 in sorghum,thus affecting the accumulation of fatty acid-derived volatiles.Taken together,our study identified Tannin1 as the gene underlying the major locus controlling bird feeding behavior in sorghum,illustrating an example of the identification of an ecologically impactful molecular mechanism from field observation and providing significant insights into the chemistry of bird–plant ecological interactions.
基金This project was financially supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0500501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800228 and 31571441)also partially supported by the Transgenic Research Projects(2016ZX08009-003).
文摘The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants against salt stress.Here we report that VPS23A,a component of the ESCRT(endosomal sorting complex required for transport),plays an essential role in the function of the SOS module in conferring plant salt tolerance.VPS23A enhances the interaction of SOS2 and SOS3.In the presence of salt stress,VPS23A positively regulates the redistribution of SOS2 to the plasma membrane,which then activates the antiporter activity of SOS1 to reduce Na+accumulation in plant cells.Genetic evidence demonstrated that plant salt tolerance achieved by the overexpression of SOS2 and SOS3 dependeds on VPS23A.Taken together,our results revealed that VPS23A is a crucial regulator of the SOS module and affects the localization of SOS2 to the cell membrane.Moreover,the strong salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings conferred by the engineered membrane-bound SOS2 revealed the significance of SOS2 sorting to the cell membrane in achieving its function,providing a potential strategy for crop salt tolerance engineering.
基金supported by a grant from the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Grant No.XDA24010306(to Q.X.)supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Sorghum,the fifth largest cereal crop,has high value as a staple food and raw material for liquor and vinegar brewing.Due to its high biomass and quality,it is also used as the second most planted silage resource.No fragrant sorghums are currently on the market.Through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Sb BADH2,we obtained sorghum lines with extraordinary aromatic smell in both seeds and leaves.Animal feeding experiments showed that fragrant sorghum leaves were attractable.We believe this advantage will produce great value in the sorghum market for both grain and whole biomass forage.
文摘Dear Editor, Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key hormone involved in plant growth and development,as well as stress adaptation.Recently,a core ABA signal pathway was proposed in which the ABA receptor proteins (PYR/PYL/RCAR) bind and inhibit type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) in the presence of ABA,which in turn releases the SnRK2s kinases,and the phosphorylated SnRK2s accumulate and subsequently phosphorylate the ABA-responsive element binding factors (Melcher et al.,2009;Cutler et al.,2010).
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant 31972862by Transgenic Research Project(2018ZX08009-11B-002).
文摘Accumulating evidence has revealed that the ubiquitin proteasome system plays fundamental roles in the regulation of diverse cellular activities in eukaryotes.The ubiquitin protein ligases(E3s)are central to the proteasome system because of their ability to determine its substrate specificity.Several studies have demonstrated the essential role of a group of ER(endoplasmic reticulum)-localized E3s in the positive or negative regulation of cell homeostasis.Most ER-related E3s are conserved between plants and mammals,and a few plant-specific components have been reported.In this review,we summarize the functions of ERrelated E3s in plant growth,ER-associated protein degradation and ER-phagy,abiotic and biotic stress responses,and hormone signaling.Furthermore,we highlight several questions that remain to be addressed and suggest directions for further research on ER-related E3 ubiquitin ligases.
基金supported by the grants from the National Sciences Foundation of China(No.91317308)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(No.2014M552377) to Kai Shu
文摘Plant fertility influences crop yield and quality,and thus is an important economic trait for agricultural production.Therefore,it is essential to understand the precise molecular mechanisms that control plant fertility.In the past decades,many studies demonstrated that the phytohormones gibberellin(GA)and abscisic acid(ABA)play key roles in the regulation of plant fertility(Kasembe,1967;Stein,1971;Jacobsen and Olszewski,1991;Zhu et al.,2010),but the detailed mechanisms largely remain unknown so far.GA positively modulates anther formation and pollen development.As early as in 1967,Kasembe found that a barley variety which was named by"Maris Baldric",exhibited the male sterile phenotype unless supplied with exogenous GA(Kasembe.1967).This study demonstrated that GA is essen-
