Phase Regulation and Defect Passivation Enabled by Phosphoryl Chloride Molecules for Efficient Quasi‑2D Perovskite Light‑Emitting Diodes

Quasi-2D perovskites have attracted tremendous interest for application as lightemission layers in light-emitting diodes(LEDs).However,the heterogeneous n phase and non-uniform distribution still severely limit the further development of quasi-2D perovskite LEDs(Pero-LEDs).Meanwhile,the increased defect density caused by the reduced dimension and grain size induces non-radiative recombination and further deteriorates the device performance.Here,we found that a series of molecules containing phosphoryl chloride functional groups have noticeable enhancement effects on the device performance of quasi-2D Pero-LEDs.Then,we studied the modification mechanism by focusing on the bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride(BOPCl).It is concluded that the BOPCl can not only regulate the phase distribution by decreasing the crystallization rate but also remain in the grain boundaries and passivate the defects.As a result,the corresponding quasi-2D Pero-LEDs obtained a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE_(max))of 20.82%and an average EQE(EQE_(ave))of around 20%on the optimal 50 devices,proving excellent reproducibility.Our work provides a new selection of molecular types for regulating the crystallization and passivating the defects of quasi-2D perovskite films.

一流大学数字化转型实践与探索——浙江大学的经验和模式

在实施国家教育数字化战略行动中,高等教育尤其是一流大学如何进行数字化转型,是一个重要课题。为此,文章以浙江大学为例,在分析数字化带给一流大学发展机遇和挑战的基础上,介绍浙江大学数字化转型的主要做法及其成效。为大力推进数字化转型,浙江大学重点采取以下五项举措:立足“服务一流”,做好数字化转型顶层设计;部署“云网数端”一体化先进技术路线;践行“从小事做起”的小切口推进策略;探索“以事组班”的跨组织创新机制;坚守“师生为本”的人本化服务理念。通过这些举措,构建了集数字化教学、科研和校务服务于一体的“网上浙大”,并取得五大成效:提升校园空间智慧化能力,提高办学空间亩效比;建立混合式教学平台,推动教学范式创新;建立开放互联科研云环境,推动协同联动的学术创新;建立新型教育治理模式,提升现代校务治理水平;建立校园数管模式,提升校园智慧管理服务能力。以此为基础,文章对高校数字化转型的方向与路径进行思考,并提出确立价值赋能观念、推动组织转型创新、采用先进技术支撑、建立专业人才保障、联合生态共生共赢等建议。文章认为,浙江大学有效探索和实践了数字化环境下一流大学的组织创新,以数字思维和技术激活“教学相长”、科研创新和治理变革,可以为教育数字化转型特别是高校数字化转型提供典型经验和模式。

微流量调节阀在液体饱和蒸气压测定实验中的应用

在液体饱和蒸气压测定实验装置中,引入微流量调节阀对缓冲储气罐进行改造,使导入系统的空气流量精确可控,解决了调压时需反复调节、操控难、空气倒灌等问题,缩短了实验时间。使用该装置以静态法测定了乙醇的饱和蒸气压,在实验教学中获得了良好的效果。

Transcriptome and metabolomics analysis revealed that CmWRKY49 regulating CmPSY1 promotes β-carotene accumulation in orange fleshed oriental melon

The flesh color of oriental melons is an important commercial trait that affects consumer preferences.To explore the mechanisms underlying the flesh color formation and regulation during fruit ripening,carotenoid-targeted metabolomic and RNA-seq analysis were conducted between white-fleshed(WF) and orange-fleshed(OF) oriental melon cultivars at different stages.The carotenoid-targeted metabolomic analysis indicated that β-carotene was the major metabolite that caused differences in flesh color between the two cultivars.Additionally,through KEGG pathway enrichment and weighted gene co-expression network(WGCNA) analysis,metabolic pathways and related transcription factors that are associated with carotenoid metabolism were selected and transcriptome data was verified using RT-qPCR.Finally,the yeast one hybrid and luciferase activity showed that the transcription factor CmWRKY49 could directly bind to the CmPSY1 promoter to activate its expression in the ’OF’ cultivar.Transient overexpression of CmWRKY49 in ’OF’ cultivar increased the β-carotene content,while the β-carotene content decreased when it was silenced in the same cultivar.This study provides insights into the underlying regulatory network of carotenoid metabolism in oriental melon fruit.

Improved dissolution and bioavailability of silymarin delivered by a solid dispersion prepared using supercritical fluids

The objective of this study was to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of silymarin(SM).Solid dispersions(SDs)were prepared using solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids(SEDS)and evaluated in vitro and in vivo,compared with pure SM powder.The particle sizes,stability,and contents of residual solvent of the prepared SM-SDs with SEDS and solvent evaporation(SE)were investigated.Four polymer matrix materials were evaluated for the preparation of SM-SD-SEDS,and the hydrophilic polymer,polyvinyl pyrrolidone K17,was selected with a ratio of 1:5 between SM and the polymer.Physicochemical analyses using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that SM was dispersed in SD in an amorphous state.The optimized SM-SD-SEDS showed no loss of SM after storage for 6 months and negligible residual solvent(ethanol)was detected using gas chromatography.In vitro drug release was increased from the SM-SDSEDS,as compared with pure SM powder or SM-SD-SE.In vivo,the area under the rat plasma SM concentration-time curve and the maximum plasma SM concentration were 2.4-fold and 1.9-fold higher,respectively,after oral administration of SM-SD-SEDS as compared with an aqueous SM suspension.These results illustrated the potential of using SEDS to prepare SM-SD,further improving the biopharmaceutical properties of this compound.

Pressure-induced hydride superconductors above 200 K

Although it was proposedmany years ago that compressed hydrogen should be a high-temperature superconductor,the goal of room-temperature superconductivity has so far remained out of reach.However,the successful synthesis of the theoretically predicted hydrides H3S and LaH10 with high superconducting transition temperatures TC provides clear guidance for achieving this goal.The existence of these superconducting hydrides also confirms the utility of theoretical predictions in finding high-TC superconductors.To date,numerous hydrideshave been studied theoretically or experimentally,especially binary hydrides.Interestingly,some of them exhibit superconductivity above 200 K.To gain insight into these high-TC hydrides(>200 K)and facilitate further research,we summarize their crystal structures,bonding features,and electronic properties,as well as their superconductingmechanism.Based on hydrogen structuralmotifs,covalentH3Swith isolated hydrogen and several clathrate superhydrides(LaH10,YH9,and CaH6)are highlighted.Other predicted hydrides with various H-cages and two-dimensional H motifs are also discussed.Finally,we present a systematic discussion of the common features,current problems,and future challenges of these high-TC hydrides.

Meeting 24-h Movement Guidelines is Related to Better Academic Achievement:Findings from the YRBS 2019 Cycle

This research is designed to investigate the relationship between the 24-h movement guidelines(24-HMG)and self-reported academic achievement(AA)using nationally representative data derived from the 2019 U.S.National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey.A multiple-stage cluster sampling procedure has been adopted to ensure a representative sample(N=9127 adolescents;mean age=15.7 years old;male%=49.8%).Logistic regression has been adopted to obtain the odds ratio(OR)regarding the associations between adherence to 24-HMG and AA while controlling for ethnicity,body mass index,sex and age.The prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines in isolation and combination varied greatly(physical activity=23.3%,screen time=32.5%,sleep=22.3%,and 24-HMG=2.8%),while the percentage of highest-class AA was 42.5%.Compared with the situation when none of 24-HMG is met,the achievement of any of the combined guidelines(except for meeting the physical activity guidelines)was significantly associated with higher odds of achieving first-class AA.Meeting the sleep guideline had 1.42 times increased likelihood to achieve highest-class AA as compared with not meeting the sleep guideline.Meeting screen time guidelines and physical activity guidelines,respectively,were 1.32 and 1.13 times more likely to report first-class AA;but meeting the guidelines of physical activity was not significantly related to AA.Meeting the 24-HMG had the highest odds of achieving first-class AA(OR=2.01,95%CI:1.47-2.73).In both sexes,adolescents who met 24-HMG self-reported better AA(boys OR=2.05,95%CI:1.34-3.15;girls OR=2.26,95%CI:1.36-3.76).Significant relationships were observed in adolescents from 9-10th grade,but not higher grades.Our research findings suggest that optimal movement behaviours can be seen as an important element to better academic achievement among U.S.adolescents.Future studies can adopt our discoveries to promote adolescents’academic achievement through implementing optimal 24-h movement behaviour patterns.

Sputtering under Mild Heating Enables High-Quality ITO for Efficient Semi-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)are promising in building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)and tandem solar cells(TSCs).One of the keys to fabricate high-performance ST-PSCs is depositing efficient transparent electrodes.Indium tin oxide(ITO)is an excellent transparent conductive oxide with good light transmittance and high conductivity.However,the high sheet resistance of ITO sputtered at room temperature leads to the low fill factor(FF)and poor power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the ST-PSCs.Here,we study the effect of the sputtering temperature on the properties of ITO and the performance of ST-PSCs.We find that when the sputtering temperature increases from the room temperature to 70℃,the crystallinity of the sputtered ITO gradually improves.Therefore,the sheet resistance decreases and the corresponding device performance improves.However,once the sputtering temperature further increases over 70℃,the underlying hole transport layer will be damaged,leading to poor device performance.Therefore,the optimized mild heating temperature of 70℃is applied and we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion PCE of 15.21%.We believe this mild heating assisted sputtering method is applicable in fabricating BIPVs and TSCs.

Measurement and calculation of solubility of quinine in supercritical carbon dioxide

Solubility of quinine in supercritical carbon dioxide(SCCO_2) was experimentally measured in the pressure range of 8 to 24 MPa, at three constant temperatures: 308.15 K, 318.15 K and 328.15 K. Measurement was carried out in a semi-dynamic system. Experimental data were correlated by iso-fugacity model(based on cubic equations of state, CEOS), Modified Mendez–Santiago–Teja(MST) and Modified Bartle semi-empirical models. Two cubic equations of state: Peng–Robinson(PR) and Dashtizadeh–Pazuki–Ghotbi–Taghikhani(DPTG) were adopted for calculation of equilibrium parameters in CEOS modeling. Interaction coefficients(k_(ij)& l_(ij)) of van der Waals(vdW) mixing rules were considered as the correlation parameters in CEOS-based modeling and their contribution to the accuracy of model was investigated. Average Absolute Relative Deviation(AARD) between correlated and experimental data was calculated and compared as the index of validity and accuracy for different modeling systems. In this basis it was realized that the semi-empirical equations especially Modified MST can accurately support the theoretical studies on phase equilibrium behavior of quinine–SCCO_2 media. Among the cubic equations of state DPGT within two-parametric vd W mixing rules provided the best data fitting and PR within one-parametric vd W mixing rules demonstrated the highest deviation respecting to the experimental data. Overall, in each individual modeling system the best fitting was observed on the data points attained at 318 K, which could be perhaps due to the moderate thermodynamic state of supercritical phase.

N-cycle gene abundance determination of N mineralization rate following re-afforestation in the Loess Plateau of China

Afforestation effectively improved soil microbial communities and significantly increased soil nitro-gen mineralization rate(Rm).Soil microorganisms drive Rm by regulating soil N-cycling genes.Soil nitrification genes had a major effect on soil Rm than denitrification genes after afforestation.Assessing the function of forest ecosystems requires an understanding of the mechanism of soil nitrogen mineralization.However,it remains unclear how soil N-cycling genes drive soil nitrogen mineralization during afforestation.In this study,we collected soil samples from a chrono-sequence of 14,20,30,and 45 years of Robinia pseudoacacia L.(RP14,RP20,RP30,and RP45)with a sloped farmland(FL)as a control.Through metagenomic sequencing analysis,we found significant changes in the diversity and composition of soil microbial communities involved in N-cycling along the afforestation time series,with afforestation effectively increasing the diversity(both alpha and beta diversity)of soil microbial communities.We conducted indoor culture experiments and analyzed correlations,which revealed a significant increase in both soil nitrification rate(Rn)and soil nitrogen mineralization rate(Rm)with increasing stand age.Furthermore,we found a strong correlation between soil Rm and soil microbial diversity(both alpha and beta diversity)and with the abundance of soil N-cycling genes.Partial least squares path modeling(PLS-PM)analysis showed that nitrification genes(narH,narY,nxrB,narG,narZ,nxrA,hao,pmoC-amoC)and denitrification genes(norB,nosZ,nirK)had a greater direct effect on soil Rm compared to their effect on soil microbial communities.Our results reveal the relationships between soil nitrogen mineralization rate and soil microbial communities and between the mineralization rate and functional genes involved in N-cycling,in the context of Robinia pseudoacacia L.restoration on the Loess Plateau.This study enriches the understanding of the effects of microorganisms on soil nitrogen mineralization rate during afforestation and provides a new theoretical basis for evaluating soil nitrogen mineralization mechanisms during forest succession.

Application of Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria in patients with liver cirrhosis

Background:The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition(GLIM)criteria were published to build a global consensus on nutritional diagnosis.Reduced muscle mass is a phenotypic criterion with strong evidence to support its inclusion in the GLIM consensus criteria.However,there is no consensus regarding how to accurately measure and define reduced muscle mass in clinical settings.This study aimed to investigate the optimal reference values of skeletal muscle mass index for diagnosing sarcopenia and GLIM-defined malnutrition,as well as the prevalence of GLIM-defined malnutrition in hospitalized cirrhotic patients.Methods:This retrospective study was conducted on 1002 adult patients with liver cirrhosis between January 1,2018,and February 28,2022,at Beijing You-An Hospital,Capital Medical University.Adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and who underwent an abdominal computed tomography(CT)examination during hospitalization were included in the study.These patients were randomly divided into a modeling group(cohort 1,667 patients)and a validation group(cohort 2,335 patients).In cohort 1,optimal cut-off values of skeletal muscle index at the third lumbar skeletal muscle index(L3-SMI)were determined using receiver operating characteristic analyses against in-hospital mortality in different gender groups.Next,patients in cohort 2 were screened for nutritional risk using the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002(NRS-2002),and malnutrition was diagnosed by GLIM criteria.Additionally,the reference values of reduced muscle mass in GLIM criteria were derived from the L3-SMI values from cohort 1.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between GLIM-defined malnutrition and clinical outcomes.Results:The optimal cut-off values of L3-SMI were 39.50 cm 2/m 2 for male patients and 33.06 cm 2/m 2 for female patients.Based on the cut-off values,31.63%(68/215)of the male patients and 23.3%(28/120)of the female patients had CT-determined sarcopenia in cohort 2.The prevalence of GLIM-defined malnutrition in cirrhotic patients was 34.3%(115/335)and GLIM-defined malnutrition was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis(Wald=6.347,P=0.012).Conclusions:This study provided reference values for skeletal muscle mass index and the prevalence of GLIM-defined malnutrition in hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis.These reference values will contribute to applying the GLIM criteria in cirrhotic patients.

Structural plasticity-based hydrogel optical Willshaw model for one-shot on-the-fly edge learning

Autonomous one-shot on-the-fly learning copes with the high privacy,small dataset,and in-stream data at the edge.Implementing such learning on digital hardware suffers from the well-known von-Neumann and scaling bottlenecks.The optical neural networks featuring large parallelism,low latency,and high efficiency offer a promising solution.However,ex-situ training of conventional optical networks,where optical path configuration and deep learning model optimization are separated,incurs hardware,energy and time overheads,and defeats the advantages in edge learning.Here,we introduced a bio-inspired material-algorithm co-design to construct a hydrogel-based optical Willshaw model(HOWM),manifesting Hebbian-rule-based structural plasticity for simultaneous optical path configuration and deep learning model optimization thanks to the underlying opto-chemical reactions.We first employed the HOWM as an all optical in-sensor AI processor for one-shot pattern classification,association and denoising.We then leveraged HOWM to function as a ternary content addressable memory(TCAM)of an optical memory augmented neural network(MANN)for one-shot learning the Omniglot dataset.The HOWM empowered one-shot on-the-fly edge learning leads to 1000boost of energy efficiency and 10boost of speed,which paves the way for the next-generation autonomous,efficient,and affordable smart edge systems.

A novel graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes anchored α-FeOOH hybrid activated persulfate system for enhanced degradation of Orange Ⅱ

Persulfate activation has been applied as one of the efficient advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) to remediate polluted environments. In this study, a novel α-FeOOH anchored by graphene oxide(GO)-carbon nanotubes(CNTs) aerogel(α-FeOOH@GCA) nanocomposite activated persulfate system(α-FeOOH@GCA + K2S2O8) was applied for decolorization of Orange Ⅱ(OⅡ). The decolorization of OⅡ was remarkably enhanced to a level of ~ 99% in this system compared with that of pristine α-FeOOH(~ 44%) or GO-CNTs(~18%). The enhanced catalytic activity of α-FeOOH@GCA was due to the formation of a heterojunction byα-FeOOH and GO-CNTs as confirmed by the presence of Fe–O–C chemical bonds. The degradation intermediates of OⅡ were comprehensively identified. The proposed degradation pathway of OⅡ begins with the destruction of the conjugated structures of OⅡ by the dominant reactive oxygen species, surface-bound SO4·-. The decolorization efficiency of OⅡ by the α-FeOOH@GCA activated persulfate system decreased from the first to third cycle of recycling. Ultraviolet(UV) irradiation or introduction of a small amount of Fe2+ could restore the activation of this system. The results show that the α-FeOOH@GCA persulfate activation system promises to be a highly efficient environmental remediation method for organic pollutants.

Preparation of thalidomide nano-flakes by supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer

Thalidomide treats multiple myeloma and protracts life-span of patient, but its bioavailability is limited as it is poorly water soluble. Thalidomide nano-flakes are produced to improve the drug dissolution rate. Two nanoflake production methods are utilized for a comparative study： a supercritical antisolvent （SAS） method and a supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer （SAS-EM）. SAS-EM utilizes ultrasonication to improve dispersion upon injection within the supercritical carbon dioxide. Comparative study of SAS and SAS-EM thalidomide confirmed that the application of ultrasonication improved the micro/nano particles produced by SAS. The effects of ultrasound power on the formation of thalidomide particles are examined. The particle size and morphology were characterized by SEM. The thalidomide nano-flakes produced by SAS-EM were smaller than the particles produced by SAS. Dissolution rates of the produced particles, evaluated by HPLC, demonstrated an increase in the thalidomide dissolution rate for the SAS-EM produced particles, The polymorphs and crystallinity of thalidomide particles （flakes） were observed by FTIR and XRD. In this research, the supercritical processing significantly modified the crystal formation of thalidomide from an original state of a β-polymorph to the amorphous state α-polymorph after suoercritical orocessing.

Monolithic bilayered In_(2)O_(3) as an efficient interfacial material for high-performance perovskite solar cells

Carrier recombination at the buried SnO_(2)/perovskite interface limits the efficiency and stability of n-i-p-structured perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,we report an In_(2)O_(3)interfacial layer with the distinctive structure of the monolithic compact/nanostructured bilayer.The partial hydrolysis nature of the In^(3+)ion enables the formation of nanorods on top of the compact In_(2)O_(3)layer when spin-coating the In(NO_(3))_(3) aqueous solution.This novel interfacial layer reduces the pinholes of the SnO_(2)film and increases the contact area between the perovskite and electron transport material.Therefore,PSCs with the incorporation of the interfacial layer demonstrate enhanced electron extraction and suppressed carrier recombination.Consequently,the champion device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 23.87%with a high fill factor of 82.14%.The optimized device also shows robust operational stability,retaining over 80%of the initial power conversion efficiency after working at the maximum power point for over 500 h under continuous one-sun illumination.