With the development of renewable energy and the changes in the characteristics of power grid,it is becoming increasingly difficult to balance power supply and demand in space and time.In addition,the requirement for ...With the development of renewable energy and the changes in the characteristics of power grid,it is becoming increasingly difficult to balance power supply and demand in space and time.In addition,the requirement for improved dispatching capability of power grid is increasing.Therefore,the potential of flexible load dispatching should be realized,which can promote the large-scale consumption of renewable energy and the construction of new power grid.Based on the analysis of existing load dispatching studies and the differences in the characteristics of domestic and foreign load dispatchings,a technical architecture and several key technologies are proposed for load resources to participate in power grid dispatching under the new situation,i.e.,the autonomous collaborative control system of load dispatching.This system implements the multi-layer coordinated control of main,distribution and micro grids(load aggregators).Adjustable load resources are aggregated through an aggregator operation platform and connected with a dispatcher load regulator platform to realize real-time data interaction with dispatching agencies as well as the monitoring,con-trol,and marketing of aggregators.It supports the load resources to participate in network-wide dispatching optimization via continuous power adjustment.Several key technologies such as the control mode,load modeling,dispatching strategy,and safety protection are also elaborated.Through the closed-loop control of orderly charging piles and energy storage clusters in the North China Power Grid,the feasibility of the proposed architecture and key technologies is verified.This route has successively supported multiple adjustable load aggregators to partici-pate in the ancillary services market of North China Power Grid for peak-shaving.Finally,the technical challenges of load resources participating in power grid dispatching under the dual carbon goals are discussed and prospected.展开更多
尽管许多催化剂已经被报道用于电化学转换二氧化碳(CO_(2))到甲烷(CH_(4))或者二碳(C_(2))产物,然而目前对各种产物之间的关联的研究仍然不够深入,这阻碍着催化剂设计的进一步发展.本文通过研究商品化铜粉(Cu)作为CO_(2)电还原的阴极催...尽管许多催化剂已经被报道用于电化学转换二氧化碳(CO_(2))到甲烷(CH_(4))或者二碳(C_(2))产物,然而目前对各种产物之间的关联的研究仍然不够深入,这阻碍着催化剂设计的进一步发展.本文通过研究商品化铜粉(Cu)作为CO_(2)电还原的阴极催化剂,发现一氧化碳中间体(*CO)在催化剂表面的覆盖度在较大的电位区间内会保持基本不变,且在这个电位区间内,CH_(4)与C_(2)产物的分电流密度呈线性关系,这一结论得到了理论动力学分析的支持.由于*CHO中间体分子是产生CH_(4)(*CHO→CH_(4))与C_(2)产物(*CHO+*CO→C_(2))的共同中间体,我们进一步猜想该线性关系是普遍存在的,且可以通过调节催化剂表面的吸附氢(*H)或者一氧化碳(*CO)的覆盖度,以分别促进CH_(4)或者C_(2)产物的生成,并改变线性关系的斜率.为了验证该猜想,本文合成了碳包覆的铜(Cu@C)催化剂,其中碳层可增加催化剂表面的*H覆盖度从而提高CH_(4)的产生,最高的CH_(4)法拉第效率(FE_(CH_(4)))达到52%,相应的分电流密度为±337 m A cm±2.另一方面,合成了银掺杂的铜催化剂,其中掺杂的银用以产生CO,以进一步提高催化剂表面的*CO覆盖度.该催化剂二氧化碳电还原的选择性变成了C_(2)产物为主,最高C_(2)产物的法拉第效率(FE_(CH_(4)))达到79%,相应的分电流密度为±421 m A cm±2.不仅如此,在这两种催化剂上,CH_(4)与C_(2)产物的分电流密度仍然保持良好的线性关系.本文工作揭示了CH_(4)与C_(2)产物产率的线性关系,以及反应中间分子的调控策略,为电催化二氧化碳还原为不同的产物提供了参考.展开更多
基金the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(No.5400-202011441A-0-0-00)。
文摘With the development of renewable energy and the changes in the characteristics of power grid,it is becoming increasingly difficult to balance power supply and demand in space and time.In addition,the requirement for improved dispatching capability of power grid is increasing.Therefore,the potential of flexible load dispatching should be realized,which can promote the large-scale consumption of renewable energy and the construction of new power grid.Based on the analysis of existing load dispatching studies and the differences in the characteristics of domestic and foreign load dispatchings,a technical architecture and several key technologies are proposed for load resources to participate in power grid dispatching under the new situation,i.e.,the autonomous collaborative control system of load dispatching.This system implements the multi-layer coordinated control of main,distribution and micro grids(load aggregators).Adjustable load resources are aggregated through an aggregator operation platform and connected with a dispatcher load regulator platform to realize real-time data interaction with dispatching agencies as well as the monitoring,con-trol,and marketing of aggregators.It supports the load resources to participate in network-wide dispatching optimization via continuous power adjustment.Several key technologies such as the control mode,load modeling,dispatching strategy,and safety protection are also elaborated.Through the closed-loop control of orderly charging piles and energy storage clusters in the North China Power Grid,the feasibility of the proposed architecture and key technologies is verified.This route has successively supported multiple adjustable load aggregators to partici-pate in the ancillary services market of North China Power Grid for peak-shaving.Finally,the technical challenges of load resources participating in power grid dispatching under the dual carbon goals are discussed and prospected.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0209401 and 2017YFA0206901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22025502 and 21975051)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(21DZ1206800,19XD1420400)the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2019-01-07-00-07-E00045)。
文摘尽管许多催化剂已经被报道用于电化学转换二氧化碳(CO_(2))到甲烷(CH_(4))或者二碳(C_(2))产物,然而目前对各种产物之间的关联的研究仍然不够深入,这阻碍着催化剂设计的进一步发展.本文通过研究商品化铜粉(Cu)作为CO_(2)电还原的阴极催化剂,发现一氧化碳中间体(*CO)在催化剂表面的覆盖度在较大的电位区间内会保持基本不变,且在这个电位区间内,CH_(4)与C_(2)产物的分电流密度呈线性关系,这一结论得到了理论动力学分析的支持.由于*CHO中间体分子是产生CH_(4)(*CHO→CH_(4))与C_(2)产物(*CHO+*CO→C_(2))的共同中间体,我们进一步猜想该线性关系是普遍存在的,且可以通过调节催化剂表面的吸附氢(*H)或者一氧化碳(*CO)的覆盖度,以分别促进CH_(4)或者C_(2)产物的生成,并改变线性关系的斜率.为了验证该猜想,本文合成了碳包覆的铜(Cu@C)催化剂,其中碳层可增加催化剂表面的*H覆盖度从而提高CH_(4)的产生,最高的CH_(4)法拉第效率(FE_(CH_(4)))达到52%,相应的分电流密度为±337 m A cm±2.另一方面,合成了银掺杂的铜催化剂,其中掺杂的银用以产生CO,以进一步提高催化剂表面的*CO覆盖度.该催化剂二氧化碳电还原的选择性变成了C_(2)产物为主,最高C_(2)产物的法拉第效率(FE_(CH_(4)))达到79%,相应的分电流密度为±421 m A cm±2.不仅如此,在这两种催化剂上,CH_(4)与C_(2)产物的分电流密度仍然保持良好的线性关系.本文工作揭示了CH_(4)与C_(2)产物产率的线性关系,以及反应中间分子的调控策略,为电催化二氧化碳还原为不同的产物提供了参考.