Differences between two wheat genotypes in the development of floret primordia and contents of pigments and hormones

Promoting more floret primordia within a spike to acquire fertile potential during the differentiation and pre-dimorphism phases is critical for increasing the number of fertile florets per spike(NFFs).However,it is yet unknown the physiological mechanism regulating the complex and dynamic process.This study aimed to clarify how intra-spike hormones,pigments,and assimilates coordinate with each other to regulate spike morphology and then floret primordia development.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two winter wheat genotypes:N50(big-spike with greater NFFs)and SM22(mediumspike with fewer NFFs).We monitored high temporal and spatial-resolution changes in the number and morphology of floret primordia within a spike,as well as in intra-spike hormones,pigments,and assimilates.Our results revealed that the big-spike genotype had more NFFs than the medium-spike genotype,not only because they had more spikelets,but also because they had greater NFFs mainly at central spikelets.More floret primordia at central spikelets had sufficient time to develop and acquire fertile potential during the differentiation phase(167-176 d after sowing,DAS)and the pre-dimorphism phase(179 DAS)for the big-spike genotype than the medium-spike genotype.Floret primordia with fertile morphology during the pre-dimorphism phase always developed into fertile florets during the dimorphism phase.Those early-developed floret primordia most proximal and intermediate to the rachis in the big-spike genotype developed faster than the medium-spike genotype.Correspondingly,the spike dry matter and pigments(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotene,and carotenoids)content during 170-182 DAS,auxin(IAA)and cytokinin(CTK)content on 167 DAS were significantly higher in the big-spike genotype than in the medium-spike genotype,while jasmonic acid(JA)content was significantly lower in the big-spike genotype compared to the medium-spike genotype during 167-182 DAS.Since the significant differences in intra-spike hormone content of the two genotypes appear earlier than those in dry matter and pigments,we propose a possible model that helped the N50 genotype(big-spike)to form more fertile florets,taking the intra-spike hormone content as a signaling molecule induced assimilates and pigments synthesis,which accelerated the development of more floret primordia during the differentiation phase and then acquired fertile potential during the pre-dimorphism phase,finally improved the NFFs.Our high temporal and spatial-resolution analysis provides an accurate time window for precision cultivation and effective physiological breeding to improve the number of fertile florets in wheat.

Enumeration and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cell using an in vivo capture system in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck

Objective: Detection rate and isolation yield of circulating tumor cell (CTC) are low in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) with in vitro approaches due to limited sample volumes. In this study, we applied the CellCollector to capture CTC in vivo from peripheral blood. Methods: In total, the study included 22 cases with 37 times of detection. All of the patients were newly diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic SCCHN, including laryngocarcinoma (40.9%, 9/22) and hypopharyngeal carcinoma (59.1%, 13/22). All patients received CTC analysis before treatment. Three patients received induction chemotherapy. Sixteen patients received surgical therapy, of which 13 patients received postoperative detection. Two patients received both induction chemotherapy and surgery treatment. Patients underwent two successive CellCollector applications 24 h before and 7 d after surgical therapy. Nine healthy volunteers were enrolled as the control group. Epidermal growth factor receptor variant type III (EGFRVIII) expression was analyzed with fluorescent dye labeled antibody. Results: With CellCollector isolation, 72.7% (16/22) of the patients were positive for >= 1 CTC (CTC; range, 1-17 cells) before treatments and 46.7% (7/15) of patients were CTC positive for >= 1 CTC (CTC; range, 1-29 cells) after surgical therapy. Moreover, the detection rate of CellCollector (82.4%, 14/17; CTC count range, 0-17) in advanced SCCHN (stage III-IV) was much higher than that in early stages (stage I-II, 40.0%, 2/5; CTC count range, 0-2) (P<0.05). EGFRVIII expression of CTC was also analyzed with fluorescence staining. One CTCEGFRVIII-positive patient was detected from six CTC-positive patients, and the positive expression of EGFRVIII was also found in the tumor tissue of this patient. Conclusions: In vivo detection of CTCs had high sensitivity in SCCHN, which might improve CTC application in clinic.

现代人地系统科学认知与探测方法

人地系统是人类活动与地理环境相互联系、相互作用而形成的复杂适应系统,具有综合性、区域性、复杂性、开放性、动态性特征.人地系统空间识别、类型诊断和强度评估是现代人地系统科学和地理学综合研究的核心内容,是科学认知人地系统演化过程与机理、服务支撑人地系统协调与可持续发展决策的重要基础.本文基于人地关系地域系统理论和地理学“三主三分”方法,构建了自上而下的现代人地系统识别-诊断-评估科学认知体系,综合土地利用、人口密度、夜间灯光指数、感兴趣点等多源空间数据,利用决策树、空间聚类、人类足迹强度指数等定量模型方法,开展了2000~2020年中国人地系统地域空间分区、主要类型分类和作用强度分级探测研究.结果表明:(1)中国人地系统面积占比由53.9%增至54.1%,基本稳定在54%左右,空间上呈东南高、西北低的分异特征,平原地区、耕地和城市集中分布区的占比明显高于山地丘陵区和地广人稀地区.人地系统中生活功能区的面积占比由3.61%增至5.24%,生产和生态功能区占比分别由35.19%和61.20%降至34.66%和60.10%.(2)快速城镇化和乡村振兴发展促使城市型、村镇型人地系统面积扩大,分别增长了135.45%和9.59%,但新增主要源于农业型人地系统;受生态退耕和耕地扩张共同影响,农业型和生态型人地系统间存在相互转换,其面积分别减少1.06%和1.37%.(3)中国人地系统的人类足迹强度由9.28增至10.25,增幅为10%,呈现出高值区扩张、低值区缩减,人类活动持续加强且空间集聚化的特征.本研究分层次回答了人地系统分布、类型、等级等关键问题,深化了现代人地系统耦合过程-机理-格局的科学认知,可为人地系统协调和可持续发展决策提供参考依据.

“大数据杀熟”的法律性质与规制路径——从侵权责任法角度考察

现有研究大多从经济法视域对“大数据杀熟”进行法律定性并提出规制建议,存在视角单一、论证不力、论据过时等缺陷,对此,可从个人信息保护法中寻找破解之策。从解释论上讲,知情同意规则框架下的“告知”和“同意”只有具备形式与实质双重要素,才能被赋予规范效力。实践中,“大数据杀熟”将知情同意规则异化为企业的单方立法,侵害了消费者的知情权和同意权,并满足造成损害事实、存在主观过错与因果关系等构成要件,应被认定为一般侵权。为了在个人信息侵权案件里更好保护自然人合法权益,应在立法层面上采取无过错责任原则,在司法层面上降低自然人就加害行为的证明责任。

一株虾池来源的螺旋拟柱孢藻藻株的分离鉴定及重金属离子Cu2+、Cd2+和Pb2+对其生长的影响

【目的】探讨凡纳滨对虾养殖水体中入侵蓝藻拟柱孢藻的生长生理特性。【方法】从汕头澄海人工对虾养殖池分离纯化藻株,通过形态及其16SrRNA基因鉴定,之后在CT与BG11两种蓝藻通用培养基的基础上优化最佳培养条件,最后分析了不同浓度的3种重金属离子即Cu2+(0–0.8 mg/L)、Cd2+(0–4 mg/L)和Pb2+(0–80 mg/L)对藻株生长的影响。【结果】澄海虾池来源的分离纯化藻株形态呈卷曲螺旋型,16S rRNA基因序列与多株其他来源的拟柱孢藻相似度均达98%以上。实验室培养,藻株最佳生长状态的培养条件是在BG11培养基的基础上调整氮浓度及氮磷比分别为N 62 mg/L,N︰P=9︰1,在此条件下,藻丝生物量可达(0.632±0.170)×10^7/L,藻丝比平均生长速率最高为(0.063±0.001)/d。本分离藻株活体对重金属Cu2+、Cd2+和Pb2+具有一定的耐受性,其耐受浓度范围分别为0–0.2、0–0.5和1–40 mg/L,其中,Cu2+和Cd2+对藻的生长具有抑制作用,而且此抑制作用随着金属离子剂量的增加及作用时间的延长更加显著,Cu2+和Cd2+对藻体的半数抑制浓度(96 h EC50)分别为0.125和0.551 mg/L;而浓度范围为0–80 mg/L的Pb2+对藻体的生长则表现为低剂量(≤40 mg/L)呈促进,高剂量(≥80 mg/L)则抑制。【结论】从凡纳滨对虾养殖池中分离鉴定出一株形态呈螺旋型的拟柱孢藻,命名为螺旋拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii helix),本藻株活体能够在一定浓度的Cu2+、Cd2+和Pb2+中生长,为螺旋拟柱孢藻活藻生物吸附重金属离子而改善虾池水体环境提供了可能性。