Diabetic nephropathy(DN)is a major cause of end-stage renal disease,and therapeutic options for preventing its progression are insufficient.The number of patients with DN has been increasing in Asian countries because...Diabetic nephropathy(DN)is a major cause of end-stage renal disease,and therapeutic options for preventing its progression are insufficient.The number of patients with DN has been increasing in Asian countries because of westernization of dietary lifestyle,which may be associated with the following changes in gut microbiota.Alterations in the gut microbiota composition can lead to an imbalanced gastrointestinal environment that promotes abnormal production of metabolites and/or inflammatory status.Functional microenvironments of the gut could be changed in the different stages of DN.In particular,altered levels of short chain fatty acids,D-amino acids,and reactive oxygen species biosynthesis in the gut have been shown to be relevant to the pathogenesis of the DN.So far,evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may play a key role in determining networks in the development of DN.Interventions directing the gut microbiota deserve further investigation as a new protective therapy in DN.In this review,we discuss the potential roles of the gut microbiota and future perspectives in the protection and/or treatment of kidneys.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common reason for progressive dementia in the elderly.It has been shown that disorders of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathways are related to the AD...Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common reason for progressive dementia in the elderly.It has been shown that disorders of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathways are related to the AD.On the other hand,diabetes mellitus(DM)is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction.The pathogenesis of the neuronal impairment caused by diabetic hyperglycemia is intricate,which contains neuro-inflammation and/or neurodegeneration and dementia.Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP1)is interesting as a possible link between metabolism and brain impairment.Modulation of GLP1 activity can influence amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in AD.The GLP1 receptor agonists have been shown to have favorable actions on the brain such as the improvement of neurological deficit.They might also exert a beneficial effect with refining learning and memory on the cognitive impairment induced by diabetes.Recent experimental and clinical evidence indicates that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4(DPP4)inhibitors,being currently used for DM therapy,may also be effective for AD treatment.The DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models.Although further studies for mTOR,GLP1,and DPP4 signaling pathways in humans would be intensively required,they seem to be a promising approach for innovative AD-treatments.We would like to review the characteristics of AD pathogenesis,the key roles of mTOR in AD and the preventive and/or therapeutic suggestions of directing the mTOR signaling pathway.展开更多
Neural regeneration by stem cells transplantation：Tissue regeneration and homeostasis are principally dependent on tissue stem cells which possess abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multidirectional s...Neural regeneration by stem cells transplantation：Tissue regeneration and homeostasis are principally dependent on tissue stem cells which possess abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multidirectional specialized cell types.In general,stem cells are critical for normal tissue renewal as well as repair after tissue injury.For example,mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial progenitor cells identified in bone marrow could.展开更多
Stemness of cancer cells contains limitless self-renewal proliferation.For the purpose of proliferation,secretome might exert its effects via the paracrine signaling.Specific microRNAs enclosed in the secretome of can...Stemness of cancer cells contains limitless self-renewal proliferation.For the purpose of proliferation,secretome might exert its effects via the paracrine signaling.Specific microRNAs enclosed in the secretome of cancer stem cells could regulate the expression of anti-proliferative APRO family proteins.The biological functions of APRO family proteins seems to be quite intricate,however,which might be a key modulator of microRNAs,then could regulate the proliferation of cancer cells.In addition to affecting proliferation/differentiation during cellular development,APRO family proteins might also play an imperious role on keeping homeostasis in healthy stem cells under a physiological condition.Therefore,relationship between the microRNAs and the APRO family proteins has attracted much attention in the field of cancer research and regenerative medicine.Here,we have described the molecular mechanism behind this interplay that have a potential role in the future promising tools with targeting APRO family proteins for the medical applications.展开更多
文摘Diabetic nephropathy(DN)is a major cause of end-stage renal disease,and therapeutic options for preventing its progression are insufficient.The number of patients with DN has been increasing in Asian countries because of westernization of dietary lifestyle,which may be associated with the following changes in gut microbiota.Alterations in the gut microbiota composition can lead to an imbalanced gastrointestinal environment that promotes abnormal production of metabolites and/or inflammatory status.Functional microenvironments of the gut could be changed in the different stages of DN.In particular,altered levels of short chain fatty acids,D-amino acids,and reactive oxygen species biosynthesis in the gut have been shown to be relevant to the pathogenesis of the DN.So far,evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may play a key role in determining networks in the development of DN.Interventions directing the gut microbiota deserve further investigation as a new protective therapy in DN.In this review,we discuss the potential roles of the gut microbiota and future perspectives in the protection and/or treatment of kidneys.
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common reason for progressive dementia in the elderly.It has been shown that disorders of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathways are related to the AD.On the other hand,diabetes mellitus(DM)is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction.The pathogenesis of the neuronal impairment caused by diabetic hyperglycemia is intricate,which contains neuro-inflammation and/or neurodegeneration and dementia.Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP1)is interesting as a possible link between metabolism and brain impairment.Modulation of GLP1 activity can influence amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in AD.The GLP1 receptor agonists have been shown to have favorable actions on the brain such as the improvement of neurological deficit.They might also exert a beneficial effect with refining learning and memory on the cognitive impairment induced by diabetes.Recent experimental and clinical evidence indicates that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4(DPP4)inhibitors,being currently used for DM therapy,may also be effective for AD treatment.The DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models.Although further studies for mTOR,GLP1,and DPP4 signaling pathways in humans would be intensively required,they seem to be a promising approach for innovative AD-treatments.We would like to review the characteristics of AD pathogenesis,the key roles of mTOR in AD and the preventive and/or therapeutic suggestions of directing the mTOR signaling pathway.
文摘Neural regeneration by stem cells transplantation：Tissue regeneration and homeostasis are principally dependent on tissue stem cells which possess abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multidirectional specialized cell types.In general,stem cells are critical for normal tissue renewal as well as repair after tissue injury.For example,mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial progenitor cells identified in bone marrow could.
文摘Stemness of cancer cells contains limitless self-renewal proliferation.For the purpose of proliferation,secretome might exert its effects via the paracrine signaling.Specific microRNAs enclosed in the secretome of cancer stem cells could regulate the expression of anti-proliferative APRO family proteins.The biological functions of APRO family proteins seems to be quite intricate,however,which might be a key modulator of microRNAs,then could regulate the proliferation of cancer cells.In addition to affecting proliferation/differentiation during cellular development,APRO family proteins might also play an imperious role on keeping homeostasis in healthy stem cells under a physiological condition.Therefore,relationship between the microRNAs and the APRO family proteins has attracted much attention in the field of cancer research and regenerative medicine.Here,we have described the molecular mechanism behind this interplay that have a potential role in the future promising tools with targeting APRO family proteins for the medical applications.
