Carbon capture in power sector of China towards carbon neutrality and its comparison to renewable power

CO_(2)capture from coal power plants is an important and necessary solution to realizing carbon neutrality in China,but ccs demonstration deployment in power sector is far behind expectations.Hence,the reduction potential of energy consumption and cost for CcS and its competitiveness to renewable powers are very important to make roadmaps and policies toward carbon neutrality.Unlike the popular recognition that capturing CO_(2)from flue gases is technically and commercially mature,this paper notes that it has been proved to be technically feasible but far beyond technology maturity and high energy penalty leads to its immaturity and therefore causes high cost.Additionally,the potential energy penalty reduction of capture is investigated thermodynamically,and future CO_(2)avoidance cost is predicted and compared to renewable power(solar PV and onshore wind power).Results show that energy penalty for CO_(2)capture can be reduced by 48%-57%.When installation capacity reaches a similar scale to that of solar PV in China(250 GW),CO_(2)capture cost in coal power plants can be reduced from the current 28-40 USs/ton to 10-20 USs/ton,and efficiency upgrade contributes to 67%-75%in cost reduction for high coal price conditions.In China,CO_(2)capture in coal power plants can be cost competitive with solar PV and onshore wind power.But it is worth noting that the importance and share of CCS role in CO_(2)emission reduction is decreasing since renewable power is already well deployed and there is still a lack of large-scale CO_(2)capture demonstrations in China.Innovative capture technologies with low energy penalties need to be developed to promote Ccs.Results in this work can provide informative references for making roadmaps and policies regarding CO_(2)emission reductions that contribute towards carbon neutrality.

Current Phthalate Exposure Risks of Rural Population in the Northwest China: Evidence from an Internal Exposure Study

Phthalates(PAEs)are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and personal consumer products as adhesives or plasticizers.PAEs have been demonstrated to have toxic effects on the human body.However,biological monitoring data for the internal PAE exposure levels of Chinese rural residents are still limited.The present study investigated the exposure levels of ten phthalate metabolites(mPAEs)of rural residents in Northwest China.The results showed that mPAEs were wildly prevalent in urine and the geometric mean concentration ofΣ10mPAEs was 957.02 ng mL^(–1)(adjusted by specific gravity).Mono-n-butyl phthalate(MBP)and metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate(DEHP)were the most dominant mPAEs in urine,with specific gravity adjusted median concentrations of 174.67 and 156.30 ng mL^(–1),respectively.Urinary concentrations of mPAEs were significantly associated with age,body mass index and economic level(p<0.05).By calculating the percentage and relative conversion rate of DEHP metabolites,it was found that the degree of oxidative metabolism of DEHP in children was significantly higher than that in adults(p<0.05),indicating that the pathway and degree of DEHP oxidation were age-related.The risk assessment showed that 59.12%of rural residents may have a noncancer risk from PAE exposure.This study provides important basis for assessing the occurrence and exposure of urinary phthalate metabolites among rural residents in China.

Reduction potential of the energy penalty for CO_(2) capture in CCS

CO_(2) capture and storage(CCS)has been acknowledged as an essential part of a portfolio of technologies that are required to achieve cost-effective long-term CO_(2) mitigation.However,the development progress of CCS technologies is far behind the targets set by roadmaps,and engineering practices do not lead to commercial deployment.One of the crucial reasons for this delay lies in the unaffordable penalty caused by CO_(2) capture,even though the technology has been commonly recognized as achievable.From the aspects of separation and capture technology innovation,the potential and promising direction for solving this problem were analyzed,and correspondingly,the possible path for deployment of CCS in China was discussed.Under the carbon neutral target recently proposed by the Chinese government,the role of CCS and the key milestones for deployment were indicated.

构建碳中和电力系统——碳中和公式

气候变化已经成为当代人类社会面临的最大挑战. 2020年以来,以控制全球温升1.5℃为目标,部分国家陆续提出各自的碳中和战略. 2020年,我国碳排放总量超过113亿吨.同年9月22日,习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上宣布并提出了"中国将提高国家自主贡献力度,采取更加有力的政策和措施,二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和"的目标.

用于图像增强的仿生自适应忆阻细胞神经网络

细胞神经网络(cellular neural network, CNN)具有简单的局部互联结构和高速并行处理能力,是构造人工视网膜的基础模型,可被应用于机器视觉中图像处理时的图像增强等方面.然而,现有的此类图像增强方法尚存在一些不足,例如,在处理实际复杂图像时,采用固定模板难以取得理想效果;而且,未能模拟人类视觉系统的全局和局部自适应调节特性,缺乏仿生考虑.因此,本文融合自适应三高斯(tri-Gaussian)理论和纳米信息器件忆阻器,提出了一种用于图像增强的新型仿生自适应忆阻细胞神经网络.其中,基于忆阻器的可编程性、非易失性、突触可塑性等优点,构建忆阻细胞神经网络架构.基于神经元感受野三高斯模型,利用高斯核函数和细胞神经网络的图像处理特征,提出对应的仿生自适应图像增强模板设计算法.最后,分别以灰度和彩色图像为例进行了图像增强实验和对比分析,结果表明,提出的仿生自适应忆阻细胞神经网络能够显著提高图像的全局亮度、局部对比度和清晰度.本研究可为细胞神经网络提供自适应模板设计及实现方案,提升细胞神经网络的仿生特性和硬件实现的可行性,并为图像增强等智能图像处理提供新思路.

超临界CO_2再压缩/再热燃煤发电系统热力循环

煤在我国处于基础能源地位,发展变革性燃煤发电技术具有重要意义.与超临界水蒸气朗肯循环相比,超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_2)布雷顿循环具有效率高及系统紧凑等优点,是未来动力循环的发展方向,但S-CO_2燃煤发电面临循环构建、锅炉压降及烟气余热吸收等关键难题.为此,本文发展了热力学、CO_2流动传热及烟气余热能量分布综合模型,研究了S-CO_2再压缩/再热燃煤发电系统热力学特性,首次发现热效率曲线对于一次再热和二次再热出现交叉,进而提出了S-CO_2循环采用一次再热或二次再热的筛选准则.针对锅炉烟气余热吸收问题,本文通过揭示主蒸气温度和压力间的内在关系,提出了调节主蒸气压力方法,结果表明该方法可有效吸收烟气余热,但受材料耐压极限所制约,因而本文在S-CO_2再压缩/再热循环基础上,引入烟气冷却器,以解决烟气余热吸收问题,给出了烟气冷却器与热力系统间的最佳集成模式,所构建的燃煤发电系统热效率达50.82%,锅炉效率达94.43%.本文为发展S-CO_2燃煤发电系统奠定了理论和技术基础.

A small molecule inhibitor of the UBE2F-CRL5 axis induces apoptosis and radiosensitization in lung cancer

Protein neddylation is catalyzed by a neddylation activating enzyme(NAE,E1),an E2 conjugating enzyme,and an E3 ligase.In various types of human cancers,the neddylation pathway is abnormally activated.Our previous study validated that the neddylation E2 UBE2F is a promising therapeutic target in lung cancer.Although the NAE inhibitor MLN4924/pevonedistat is currently under clinical investigation as an anti-cancer agent,there are no small molecules available that selectively target UBE2F.Here,we report,for the first time,the discovery,via structure-based virtual screen and chemical optimization,of such a small molecule,designated as HA-9104.HA-9104 binds to UBE2F,reduces its protein levels,and consequently inhibits cullin-5 neddylation.Blockage of cullin-5 neddylation inactivates cullin-RING ligase-5(CRL5)activity,leading to accumulation of the CRL5 substrate,NOXA,to induce apoptosis.Moreover,HA-9104 appears to form the DNA adduct via its 7-azaindole group to induce DNA damage and G2/M arrest.Biologically,HA-9104 effectively suppresses the growth and survival of lung cancer cells and confers radiosensitization in both in vitro cell culture and in vivo xenograft tumor models.In summary,we discovered a small molecule,designated HA-9104,that targets the UBE2F-CRL5 axis with anti-cancer activity alone or in combination with radiation.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Chinese patients with KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer after chemotherapy

Dear Editor,The RAS gene is one of the most frequent oncogenes in human cancers,with significantly different mutation frequencies.The RAS family contains three isoforms:KRAS,HRAS and NRAS,with the KRAS mutations being more common than the other two.The KRAS mutation rate varies in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients of different races:27%in Caucasians[1]and approximately 10%in Asians[2,3].Recently,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approved sotorasib(AMG510)and adagrasib(MRTX849)for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC harboring KRAS G12C mutations.In the face of novel treatment choices for KRAS-mutated NSCLC,it is indispensable to learn more about the systemic treatment of these patients.Clinical studies have shown that Caucasian patients with KRAS-mutated NSCLC had poor outcomes following first-line chemotherapy[4,5].However,studies on treatment outcomes of Asian patients with KRAS-mutated NSCLC are lacking.As the overwhelming majority of cases are diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma,the standard first-line treatment for metastatic disease is pemetrexed-based doublet chemotherapy in combination with bevacizumab and/or immunotherapy in China.Herein,we investigated the clinical characteristics of KRAS mutation subtypes,co-occurring genomic alterations,and efficacy of first-line pemetrexed-platinum chemotherapy in Chinese KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients.

Syntheses, Cytotoxicity and Properties of CO Releasing Molecules Containing Acetyl Salicylamide-3-pyridine

A series of CO-releasing molecules [M（CO）5L] （M=Cr, W, Mo, L=acetyl salicylamide 3-pyridine, 1--3; L= N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridine, 4-6; L=nicotinamide, 7--9; L=4-CHO-pyridine, 10--12） were synthesized. And in this paper, we have investigated mainly cytotoxicity and properties of the CO-releasing molecules containing acetyl salicyamide-3-pyridine, namely complexes 1--3. The stability of complexes 1 and 2 was evaluated by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectra. The results indicate complexes 1 and 2 were stable in methanol and acidic aqueous solution, but unstable and decayed in basic media （pH 10.0）. Among all the complexes, complex 2 was the slowest CO-releaser, and its half-life was 73.8 min. Complex 9 containing nicotinamide was the fastest CO-releaser with half-life only 6.5 min. In addition, cytotoxic effects of all the complexes on the proliferation of fibroblast line were assayed by MTT. Among all the complexes, the IC50 of complex 1 was 6 μmol/L, revealing complex 1 possessed stronger antiproliferative activity than the control. Analysis by Flow cytometry revealed that complex 1 arrested Hela cells in S phase while complexes 2 and 8 arrested in G2/M phase. Cell apoptosis caused by the complexes mainly occurred in ＂Late apoptosis＂.

Role of CCUS in carbon neutral power system

Achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 is an ambitious goal to promote the green transition of economy and society in China.Highly relying on coal and contributing nearly half of CO_(2) emission,power industry is the key area for reaching carbon-neutral goal.On basis of carbon balance,a criterial equation of carbon neutral for power system is provided.By means of the equation,the different effects of three technical approaches to achieve carbon neutrality,including energy efficiency improvement,shifting energy structure and CO_(2) capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)technology,had been evaluated.The results indicate that building a carbon-neutral power system requires comprehensive coordination between energy efficiency,renewable energy and CCUS technology.In particular,the unique role of CCUS in achieving carbon neutral target was investigated.For any power systems with fossil energy input,CCUS and negative emission technologies is indispensable to reach carbon neutrality.However,rather high energy consumption and costs is the critical gas deterring the large scale deployment of CCUS.Considering the specific conditions of China’s power industry,before the time window between 2030 and 2040 being closed,CCUS would either be ready for large scale deployment by reducing energy consumption and costs,or be phased out along with the most coal power plants.Conclusively,carbon neutral scenario will give CCUS the last chance to decarbonize the fossil fuel,which has great significance for China.