Objective:It is aimed to investigate the nursing competence and corresponding influence factors of dementia caregivers in long-term care institutions of Tianjin and identify the training needs of caregivers.Methods:In...Objective:It is aimed to investigate the nursing competence and corresponding influence factors of dementia caregivers in long-term care institutions of Tianjin and identify the training needs of caregivers.Methods:In the cross-section survey of this study,246 dementia caregivers were selected from 6 long-term care institutions in Tianjin as objects of study through convenient sampling.Results:The scores for nursing competence of dementia caregivers were 140.28±7.73,at a moderate level.Study findings that nursing competence of dementia caregivers were positively associated with the work experience(β=0.115,P=0.005),educational level(β=0.333,P<0.01),pervdceived health status(β=0.108,P=0.003)and training times within 1 year(β=0.371,P<0.01).Through the analysis,it is found that the training needs of dementia caregivers are inconsistent with the current situation in terms of content,methods and teachers.There are some problems in the training,such as unreasonable time,single mode and not deepening the understanding of the elderly with dementia.Conclusion:Long term care institutions shall arrange training no less than 12 times a year and evaluate training needs regularly to improve training effect.Providing online and offline training and adding more specialized contents like case analysis,employing experts in the field of dementia to teach courses.展开更多
Purpose:To evaluate the relationship between the position of the focal adjustment knob of a fundus camera and refractive error and biometric data as measured in the same eye.Methods:Normal eyes of patients presenting ...Purpose:To evaluate the relationship between the position of the focal adjustment knob of a fundus camera and refractive error and biometric data as measured in the same eye.Methods:Normal eyes of patients presenting to clinics at the Beijing Tongren Hospital were examined with a non-mydriatic fundus camera.The position on the focal scale of a knob adjusting the distance between the camera lens and film plane,used to adjust focus the image of the patients fundus relative to the refractive power of the eye,was recorded in degrees.Ocular biometry and refractometry were performed on the same eyes.Results:The study included 136 subjects with a mean age of 36.5 ±19.6 years and a mean refractive error of-1.31 ±2.77 diopters.In univariate analysis,the position of the adjustment knob was significantly associated with refractive error.(P < 0.001;correlation coefficient r=-0.77),axial length.(P<0.001;r=0.65) and anterior chamber depth (P<0.001;r=0.48).After adjustment for age,anterior chamber depth decreased by 0.01 mm(95% confidence interval:0.003,0.017) for change per degree in the position of the adjustment knob.Conclusion:A fundus camera can be used to estimate anterior chamber depth,axial length and refractive error.In a screening setting,a fundus camera operated by a technician may be helpful to detect a shallow anterior chamber and evaluate a potential risk factor for primary angle closure.展开更多
The second example of tetravalent plutonium carboxyl-based organic framework,^(242)Pu(OH)[PO[(C_(6)H_(4))COO]_(3)]·H_(2)O,termed as PuTPO(TPO=tris(4-carboxylphenyl)-phosphineoxide),was reported in this work.A ser...The second example of tetravalent plutonium carboxyl-based organic framework,^(242)Pu(OH)[PO[(C_(6)H_(4))COO]_(3)]·H_(2)O,termed as PuTPO(TPO=tris(4-carboxylphenyl)-phosphineoxide),was reported in this work.A series of characterizations of PuTPO,such as X-ray crystallography and solid-state UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy,were carried out to expatiate its structure and physicochemical properties.PuTPO is constructed by dimers of the plutonium-oxygen subunit of[Pu_(2)O_(16)].Characteristic peaks located at approximately 1100 nm can be considered to be the fingerprint peaks of tetravalent plutonium.While PuTPO can maintain high crystallinity within several months after synthesis,it exhibits a radiation-induced swelling effect probed by the expansion of cell parameter of b axis after self-irradiation fromα-decay of ^(242)Pu.This result enriches the inventory of tetravalent plutonium compounds and provides an insight into the irradiation resistance of metal-organic frameworks.展开更多
Main observation and conclusion Two new uranium(VI)phosphonate compounds,namely K_(8)[N(C_(2)H_(5))_(4)]_(2)(UO_(2))_(17)(H_(2)O)_(4)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))_(2)]_(8)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))(PO_(3)H)]_(4)·16(H_(2)O)(1)and[N(C_(2)H...Main observation and conclusion Two new uranium(VI)phosphonate compounds,namely K_(8)[N(C_(2)H_(5))_(4)]_(2)(UO_(2))_(17)(H_(2)O)_(4)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))_(2)]_(8)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))(PO_(3)H)]_(4)·16(H_(2)O)(1)and[N(C_(2)H_(5))_(4)]_(4)(H_(3)O)_(2)(UO_(2))_(10)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))_(2)]_(5)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))(PO_(3)H)]_(2)·10H_(2)O(2),have been synthesized under mild hydro/solvothermal condition.The structural analysis of the two compounds reveals that they both contain all three typical coordination geometries of the U(VI)ions,including UO;tetragonal,UO,pentagonal,and UOg hexagonal bipyramids.Moreover,compound 1 displays a tempera-ture-induced single crystal to single crystal phase transformation as confirmed by the Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at different temperatures.Temperature-dependent fluorescence spectra presented herein illustrate the perturbation of the electronic structure of uranyl centers.展开更多
Separation of the minor actinides(Am and Cm)from lanthanides in high-level liquid wastes(HLLW)is one of the most challenging chemical separation tasks known owing to their chemical similarities and is highly significa...Separation of the minor actinides(Am and Cm)from lanthanides in high-level liquid wastes(HLLW)is one of the most challenging chemical separation tasks known owing to their chemical similarities and is highly significant in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants because it could practically lead to sustainable nuclear energy by closing the nuclear fuel cycle.The solid phase extraction is proposed to be a possible strategy but all reported sorbent materials severely suffer from limited stability and/or efficiency caused by the harsh conditions of high acidity coupled with intense irradiation.Herein,a phenanthroline-based polymeric organic framework(PhenTAPB-POF)was designed and tested for the separation of trivalent americium from lanthanides for the first time.Due to its fully conjugated structure,PhenTAPB-POF exhibits previously unachieved stability under the combined extreme conditions of strong acids and high irradiation field.The americium partitioning experiment indicates that PhenTAPB-POF possesses an ultrahigh adsorption selectivity towards Am(Ⅲ)over lanthanides(e.g.,SFAm(Ⅲ)/Eu(Ⅲ)=3326)in highly acidic simulated HLLW and relatively fast adsorption kinetics in both static and dynamic experiments.Am(Ⅲ)can be almost quantitatively eluted from the PhenTAPB-POF packed-column using a concentrated nitric acid elution.The high stability and superior separation performance endow PhenTAPB-POF with the promising alternative for separating minor actinides over lanthanides from highly acidic HLLW streams.展开更多
We reported the synthesis,single crystal structure,and solid-state UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy of a new transplutonium metal-organic framework(MOFs),Am(H_(2)O)[PO[(C6H4)COO]_(3)],denoted as AmTPO(TPO=tris(4-carboxylphenyl...We reported the synthesis,single crystal structure,and solid-state UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy of a new transplutonium metal-organic framework(MOFs),Am(H_(2)O)[PO[(C6H4)COO]_(3)],denoted as AmTPO(TPO=tris(4-carboxylphenyl)-phosphineoxide).AmTPO forms a three-dimensional metal-organic framework structure with americium dimers as the secondary building unit.Clear 5f→5f transi-tions attributed to trivalent americium was observed in the absorption spectrum of AmTPO ranging from 300 to 1200 nm.Notably,AmTPO can maintain the crystallinity with no observable structural degradation within several months after being synthesized,re-vealing a long-term radiation resistance of this structure and the potential application of MOFs as a platform for nuclear waste dis-posal.展开更多
Summary of main observation and conclusion We present a new method for generating europium oxalate compounds by decomposing of N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone in HNO3 media.The reaction exhibits high selectivity towards Eu^3+ ...Summary of main observation and conclusion We present a new method for generating europium oxalate compounds by decomposing of N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone in HNO3 media.The reaction exhibits high selectivity towards Eu^3+ over UO2^2+,which suggests that these conditions could be applied to a selective crystallization based separation system for trivalent lanthanides and hexavalent actinides.展开更多
Crystalline coordination complexes of actinides,especially in atypical oxidation states,are not only fundamentally important for expanding the notably limited knowledge on the bonding nature of actinides but could als...Crystalline coordination complexes of actinides,especially in atypical oxidation states,are not only fundamentally important for expanding the notably limited knowledge on the bonding nature of actinides but could also provide critical information toward the development of nuclear fuel cycle,waste management,and national security.Plutonium(Pu)is the only element in the periodic table that could exist in four oxidation states in aqueous solutions simultaneously.展开更多
The structure of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4 ionic liquids(Bmim: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) with different ratios of H2 O and C2H5 OH was investigated using X-ray absorption fine structure(XAFS) technique. In this study, XAFS was...The structure of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4 ionic liquids(Bmim: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) with different ratios of H2 O and C2H5 OH was investigated using X-ray absorption fine structure(XAFS) technique. In this study, XAFS was employed to directly probe the conformational variations of copper ions in [Bmim]2Cu Cl4 with the addition of either water or ethanol. XAFS analysis confirmed that the structure of ionic liquids gradually transformed from tetrahedral to octahedral configuration with the increase in ratio of H2 O. Our results also showed that water molecules coordinated with the copper ions of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4, leading to the conformational change in ionic liquids. However, the XAFS spectra of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4/C2H5 OH indicated no coordination of anhydrous ethanol with the copper ions of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4. The structure of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4 ionic liquids is maintained as the tetrahedral configuration in presence of ethanol. Therefore, anhydrous ethanol causes little variation in the structure of ionic liquids and it is a good solvent for the dilution of ionic liquids.展开更多
A new paradigm to remove toxic chromate anions from aqueous solution by crystallization of chromatewater clusters with imine-linked guanidinium cationic ligands is introduced.The guanidium-based cationic ligand was ea...A new paradigm to remove toxic chromate anions from aqueous solution by crystallization of chromatewater clusters with imine-linked guanidinium cationic ligands is introduced.The guanidium-based cationic ligand was easily prepared through the imine condensation of an alde hyde and aminoguanidine hydrochloride.The cationic imine-linked guanidinium liga nd(BBIG-CI)showed a high re moval capacity(292.5 mg/g)in the solutions.Rapid decontamination of chromate anions from the wastewater by this cationic ligand was resulted from an instantaneous crystallization.The produced guanidium chromate salts have an extremely low solubility(Ksp,BBIG=8.19×10^9).Such superior removal performance of these mate rials was attributed to the cha rge-assisted hydrogen bonding between the cationic ligand and chromate-water hydrate anions,which was revealed by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and density functional theory(DFT)calculations.In addition,the succes s ful recove ry of the guanidium-based ligand makes it more attractive for real-world applications.展开更多
Radiation detection material is a central component of nuclear technology finding applications in many critical fields.Developing a highly radiation-sensitive material that shows a facilely detectable response to ultr...Radiation detection material is a central component of nuclear technology finding applications in many critical fields.Developing a highly radiation-sensitive material that shows a facilely detectable response to ultra-low dosage of radiation is a long-term research target and remains to be a challenge.Previously reported most optimal chemical radiation dosimeter can detect low-dosage X-andγ-ray radiations down to 10^(−4) Gy.We document here a new photoresponsive coordination polymer showing upgraded radiation detection capabilities with the detection limit on the radiation dose one order of magnitude lower than the previous record.The radiation induced photoluminescence quenching process was elucidated by multiple spectroscopic characterizations.展开更多
Distributed photovoltaic(PV)systems have constantly been the key to achieve a low-carbon economy in China.However,the development of Chinese distributed PV systems has failed to meet expectations because of their irra...Distributed photovoltaic(PV)systems have constantly been the key to achieve a low-carbon economy in China.However,the development of Chinese distributed PV systems has failed to meet expectations because of their irrational profit and cost allocations.In this study,the methodology for calculating the levelized cost of energy(LCOE)for PV is thoroughly discussed to address this issue.A mixed-integer linear programming model is built to determine the optimal system operation strategy with a benefit analysis.An externality-corrected mathematical model based on Shapley value is established to allocate the cost of distributed PV systems in 15 Chinese cities between the government,utility grid and residents.Results show that(i)an inverse relationship exists between the LCOEs and solar radiation levels;(ii)the government and residents gain extra benefits from the utility grid through net metering policies,and the utility grid should be the highly subsidized participant;(iii)the percentage of cost assigned to the utility grid and government should increase with the expansion of battery bank to weaken the impact of demand response on increasing theoretical subsidies;and(iv)apart from the LCOE,the local residential electricity prices remarkably impact the subsidy calculation results.展开更多
文摘Objective:It is aimed to investigate the nursing competence and corresponding influence factors of dementia caregivers in long-term care institutions of Tianjin and identify the training needs of caregivers.Methods:In the cross-section survey of this study,246 dementia caregivers were selected from 6 long-term care institutions in Tianjin as objects of study through convenient sampling.Results:The scores for nursing competence of dementia caregivers were 140.28±7.73,at a moderate level.Study findings that nursing competence of dementia caregivers were positively associated with the work experience(β=0.115,P=0.005),educational level(β=0.333,P<0.01),pervdceived health status(β=0.108,P=0.003)and training times within 1 year(β=0.371,P<0.01).Through the analysis,it is found that the training needs of dementia caregivers are inconsistent with the current situation in terms of content,methods and teachers.There are some problems in the training,such as unreasonable time,single mode and not deepening the understanding of the elderly with dementia.Conclusion:Long term care institutions shall arrange training no less than 12 times a year and evaluate training needs regularly to improve training effect.Providing online and offline training and adding more specialized contents like case analysis,employing experts in the field of dementia to teach courses.
文摘Purpose:To evaluate the relationship between the position of the focal adjustment knob of a fundus camera and refractive error and biometric data as measured in the same eye.Methods:Normal eyes of patients presenting to clinics at the Beijing Tongren Hospital were examined with a non-mydriatic fundus camera.The position on the focal scale of a knob adjusting the distance between the camera lens and film plane,used to adjust focus the image of the patients fundus relative to the refractive power of the eye,was recorded in degrees.Ocular biometry and refractometry were performed on the same eyes.Results:The study included 136 subjects with a mean age of 36.5 ±19.6 years and a mean refractive error of-1.31 ±2.77 diopters.In univariate analysis,the position of the adjustment knob was significantly associated with refractive error.(P < 0.001;correlation coefficient r=-0.77),axial length.(P<0.001;r=0.65) and anterior chamber depth (P<0.001;r=0.48).After adjustment for age,anterior chamber depth decreased by 0.01 mm(95% confidence interval:0.003,0.017) for change per degree in the position of the adjustment knob.Conclusion:A fundus camera can be used to estimate anterior chamber depth,axial length and refractive error.In a screening setting,a fundus camera operated by a technician may be helpful to detect a shallow anterior chamber and evaluate a potential risk factor for primary angle closure.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21825601,21790374,21906113,21727801)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘The second example of tetravalent plutonium carboxyl-based organic framework,^(242)Pu(OH)[PO[(C_(6)H_(4))COO]_(3)]·H_(2)O,termed as PuTPO(TPO=tris(4-carboxylphenyl)-phosphineoxide),was reported in this work.A series of characterizations of PuTPO,such as X-ray crystallography and solid-state UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy,were carried out to expatiate its structure and physicochemical properties.PuTPO is constructed by dimers of the plutonium-oxygen subunit of[Pu_(2)O_(16)].Characteristic peaks located at approximately 1100 nm can be considered to be the fingerprint peaks of tetravalent plutonium.While PuTPO can maintain high crystallinity within several months after synthesis,it exhibits a radiation-induced swelling effect probed by the expansion of cell parameter of b axis after self-irradiation fromα-decay of ^(242)Pu.This result enriches the inventory of tetravalent plutonium compounds and provides an insight into the irradiation resistance of metal-organic frameworks.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21906113,21561018,21790374,and 22066014)the Priority Academic Pro-gram Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(2017FH001-023).
文摘Main observation and conclusion Two new uranium(VI)phosphonate compounds,namely K_(8)[N(C_(2)H_(5))_(4)]_(2)(UO_(2))_(17)(H_(2)O)_(4)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))_(2)]_(8)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))(PO_(3)H)]_(4)·16(H_(2)O)(1)and[N(C_(2)H_(5))_(4)]_(4)(H_(3)O)_(2)(UO_(2))_(10)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))_(2)]_(5)[CH_(2)(PO_(3))(PO_(3)H)]_(2)·10H_(2)O(2),have been synthesized under mild hydro/solvothermal condition.The structural analysis of the two compounds reveals that they both contain all three typical coordination geometries of the U(VI)ions,including UO;tetragonal,UO,pentagonal,and UOg hexagonal bipyramids.Moreover,compound 1 displays a tempera-ture-induced single crystal to single crystal phase transformation as confirmed by the Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at different temperatures.Temperature-dependent fluorescence spectra presented herein illustrate the perturbation of the electronic structure of uranyl centers.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21825601,21790374,and 21806117)。
文摘Separation of the minor actinides(Am and Cm)from lanthanides in high-level liquid wastes(HLLW)is one of the most challenging chemical separation tasks known owing to their chemical similarities and is highly significant in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants because it could practically lead to sustainable nuclear energy by closing the nuclear fuel cycle.The solid phase extraction is proposed to be a possible strategy but all reported sorbent materials severely suffer from limited stability and/or efficiency caused by the harsh conditions of high acidity coupled with intense irradiation.Herein,a phenanthroline-based polymeric organic framework(PhenTAPB-POF)was designed and tested for the separation of trivalent americium from lanthanides for the first time.Due to its fully conjugated structure,PhenTAPB-POF exhibits previously unachieved stability under the combined extreme conditions of strong acids and high irradiation field.The americium partitioning experiment indicates that PhenTAPB-POF possesses an ultrahigh adsorption selectivity towards Am(Ⅲ)over lanthanides(e.g.,SFAm(Ⅲ)/Eu(Ⅲ)=3326)in highly acidic simulated HLLW and relatively fast adsorption kinetics in both static and dynamic experiments.Am(Ⅲ)can be almost quantitatively eluted from the PhenTAPB-POF packed-column using a concentrated nitric acid elution.The high stability and superior separation performance endow PhenTAPB-POF with the promising alternative for separating minor actinides over lanthanides from highly acidic HLLW streams.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21825601,21790374,21906113,21727801)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘We reported the synthesis,single crystal structure,and solid-state UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy of a new transplutonium metal-organic framework(MOFs),Am(H_(2)O)[PO[(C6H4)COO]_(3)],denoted as AmTPO(TPO=tris(4-carboxylphenyl)-phosphineoxide).AmTPO forms a three-dimensional metal-organic framework structure with americium dimers as the secondary building unit.Clear 5f→5f transi-tions attributed to trivalent americium was observed in the absorption spectrum of AmTPO ranging from 300 to 1200 nm.Notably,AmTPO can maintain the crystallinity with no observable structural degradation within several months after being synthesized,re-vealing a long-term radiation resistance of this structure and the potential application of MOFs as a platform for nuclear waste dis-posal.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21790374,21790370,21761132019, 21806118)the Science Challenge Project (No.TZ2016004)+1 种基金a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)the "Young Thousand Talented Program"in China.
文摘Summary of main observation and conclusion We present a new method for generating europium oxalate compounds by decomposing of N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone in HNO3 media.The reaction exhibits high selectivity towards Eu^3+ over UO2^2+,which suggests that these conditions could be applied to a selective crystallization based separation system for trivalent lanthanides and hexavalent actinides.
基金funding support from the Science Challenge Project(TZ2016004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21825601,21790374,21806118,and 21727801)+1 种基金The computational work was financially supported by the Foundation of President of China Academy of Engineering Physics(no.YZJJSQ2017072)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21590792,21433005,and 21701006).
文摘Crystalline coordination complexes of actinides,especially in atypical oxidation states,are not only fundamentally important for expanding the notably limited knowledge on the bonding nature of actinides but could also provide critical information toward the development of nuclear fuel cycle,waste management,and national security.Plutonium(Pu)is the only element in the periodic table that could exist in four oxidation states in aqueous solutions simultaneously.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11079007,21306220)
文摘The structure of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4 ionic liquids(Bmim: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) with different ratios of H2 O and C2H5 OH was investigated using X-ray absorption fine structure(XAFS) technique. In this study, XAFS was employed to directly probe the conformational variations of copper ions in [Bmim]2Cu Cl4 with the addition of either water or ethanol. XAFS analysis confirmed that the structure of ionic liquids gradually transformed from tetrahedral to octahedral configuration with the increase in ratio of H2 O. Our results also showed that water molecules coordinated with the copper ions of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4, leading to the conformational change in ionic liquids. However, the XAFS spectra of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4/C2H5 OH indicated no coordination of anhydrous ethanol with the copper ions of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4. The structure of [Bmim]2Cu Cl4 ionic liquids is maintained as the tetrahedral configuration in presence of ethanol. Therefore, anhydrous ethanol causes little variation in the structure of ionic liquids and it is a good solvent for the dilution of ionic liquids.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21790374,21825601,U1732112,21876124)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2019QNA4047)。
文摘A new paradigm to remove toxic chromate anions from aqueous solution by crystallization of chromatewater clusters with imine-linked guanidinium cationic ligands is introduced.The guanidium-based cationic ligand was easily prepared through the imine condensation of an alde hyde and aminoguanidine hydrochloride.The cationic imine-linked guanidinium liga nd(BBIG-CI)showed a high re moval capacity(292.5 mg/g)in the solutions.Rapid decontamination of chromate anions from the wastewater by this cationic ligand was resulted from an instantaneous crystallization.The produced guanidium chromate salts have an extremely low solubility(Ksp,BBIG=8.19×10^9).Such superior removal performance of these mate rials was attributed to the cha rge-assisted hydrogen bonding between the cationic ligand and chromate-water hydrate anions,which was revealed by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and density functional theory(DFT)calculations.In addition,the succes s ful recove ry of the guanidium-based ligand makes it more attractive for real-world applications.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21825601,21790374)Young Taishan Scholars Program(tsqn201909082).A portion of this work was performed on the Steady High Magnetic Field Facilities,High Magnetic Field Laboratory,CAS.
文摘Radiation detection material is a central component of nuclear technology finding applications in many critical fields.Developing a highly radiation-sensitive material that shows a facilely detectable response to ultra-low dosage of radiation is a long-term research target and remains to be a challenge.Previously reported most optimal chemical radiation dosimeter can detect low-dosage X-andγ-ray radiations down to 10^(−4) Gy.We document here a new photoresponsive coordination polymer showing upgraded radiation detection capabilities with the detection limit on the radiation dose one order of magnitude lower than the previous record.The radiation induced photoluminescence quenching process was elucidated by multiple spectroscopic characterizations.
基金This study was sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1100202)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M643807XB)and Education Department of Shaanxi(Grant No.19JS041).
文摘Distributed photovoltaic(PV)systems have constantly been the key to achieve a low-carbon economy in China.However,the development of Chinese distributed PV systems has failed to meet expectations because of their irrational profit and cost allocations.In this study,the methodology for calculating the levelized cost of energy(LCOE)for PV is thoroughly discussed to address this issue.A mixed-integer linear programming model is built to determine the optimal system operation strategy with a benefit analysis.An externality-corrected mathematical model based on Shapley value is established to allocate the cost of distributed PV systems in 15 Chinese cities between the government,utility grid and residents.Results show that(i)an inverse relationship exists between the LCOEs and solar radiation levels;(ii)the government and residents gain extra benefits from the utility grid through net metering policies,and the utility grid should be the highly subsidized participant;(iii)the percentage of cost assigned to the utility grid and government should increase with the expansion of battery bank to weaken the impact of demand response on increasing theoretical subsidies;and(iv)apart from the LCOE,the local residential electricity prices remarkably impact the subsidy calculation results.