Recent Progress of Aerosol Light-scattering Enhancement Factor Studies in China

Assessment of the radiative forcing of aerosols in models still lacks sufficient input data for aerosol hygroscopicity. The light scattering enhancement factor [ f(RH, λ)] is a crucial parameter for describing aerosol hygroscopic growth properties.In this paper, we provide a survey of f(RH, λ) studies in China for the past seven years, including instrument developments of humidified nephelometers, ambient f(RH, λ) measurements in China, f(RH, λ) parameterization schemes, and f(RH, λ)applications in aerosol measurements. Comparisons of different f(RH, λ) parameterizations are carried out to check their performance in China using field measurement datasets. We also summary the parameterization schemes for predicting f(RH, λ)with aerosol chemical compositions. The recently developed methods to observe other aerosol properties using f(RH, λ)measurements, such as calculating the aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, cloud condensation nuclei number concentration,aerosol liquid water content, and aerosol asymmetry factor, are introduced. Suggestions for further research on f(RH, λ) in China are given.

Effects of Zhichan powder on signal transduction and apoptosis-associated gene expression in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease rats

Previous studies have shown that Zhichan powder elevated immunity and suppressed oxidation in mice. Rat models of Parkinson＇s disease were induced by stereotaxically injecting 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra. The rat models were intragastrically treated with Zhichan powder, which is composed of milkvetch root, ginseng, bunge swallowwort root, himalayan teasel root. Magnolia officinalis, Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and szechwan Iovage rhizome. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR results demonstrated that mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, Fas, caspase-8, cvtochrome C, Bax, casDase-3, and p53 significantly increased, but Bcl-2 expression significantly decreased in the substantia nigra of rats with Parkinson＇s disease. Following Zhichan powder administration, mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, Fas, caspase-8, cytochrome C, Bax, caspase-3, and p53 diminished, but Bcl-2 expression increased in the rat substantia nigra. These results indicate that Zhichan powder regulates signal transduction protein expression, inhibits apoptosis, and exerts therapeutic effects on Parkinson＇s disease.

Fabrication, Mechanical and Dielectric Characterization of 3D Orthogonal Woven Basalt Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyimide Composites

The 3D orthogonal woven basalt fiber reinforced polyimide (PI) composites were fabricated and characterized in this study. The PI film was firstly prepared to determine PI processing parameters. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that 300°C was the suitable imidization temperature. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed relatively good thermal properties of the PI film. In the fabrication of composites, the multi-step impregnation method was applied. The bending properties of 3 mm-thick composite showed increasing trend in all and the second-time impregnated composite had much higher value than the first-time impregnated composite. Moreover, the bending fracture mode photos showed obvious creases except for the first-time impregnated materials, which agreed well with the bending property values. The dielectric constants for the composites were complex because they had not regular value following the mixing rule of the composites, which was mainly due to the interfacial polarization and other effects in the fabrication processing.

Kinetic simulation of the transition from a pulse-modulation microwave discharge to a continuous plasma

The generation of a very strong peak current in the first period(PCFP)in a pulse-modulated microwave discharge has been discussed in previous studies.In this paper we focus on the transition process from a pulsed discharge to a fully continuous one driven by the pulsed microwave power source by means of a kinetic model.The computational results show that by increasing the duty cycle or voltage modulation rate(VMR).the discharge eventually becomes fully continuous and PCFP can no longer he observed.In the transition process,the distributions of the electric field,electron energy probability function(EEPF)and plasma density are discussed according to the simulation data,showing different discharge structures.The simulations indicate that many high-energy electrons with electron energy larger than 20eV and low-energy electrons with electron energy less than 3eV could he generated in a pulsed microwave discharge,together with a reversal electric field formed in the anode sheath when PCFP occurs.However,only medium-energy electrons could be observed in a fully continuous discharge.Therefore,by investigating the transition process the pulse-modulated microwave discharges can be further optimized for plasma applications at atmospheric pressure.

汉语真的不是作格语言吗?

文章研究汉语句法表现出的作格性和宾格性,主要观察不及物句的唯一论元S与及物句的施事论元A和受事论元O的对齐情况。首先讨论了学界关于作格性的研究现状及趋势,然后评介有关汉语的四种观点,指出其贡献和不足。之后,从六个方面,论证汉语表现出的作格性:VS强势语序、VO和VS式复合名词、主语省略、单论元歧义句、兼语式结构、否定极性词句式。文章结合叶狂、潘海华(2017)提出的作格性证据,认为相对于典型的宾格语言英语来说,汉语就是一种作格语言。

Exploring HONO formation and its role in driving secondary pollutants formation during winter in the North China Plain

Daytime HONO photolysis is an important source of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals(OH).Knowledge of HONO formation chemistry under typical haze conditions,however,is still limited.In the Multiphase chemistry experiment in Fogs and Aerosols in the North China Plain in 2018,we investigated the wintertime HONO formation and its atmospheric implications at a rural site Gucheng.Three different episodes based on atmospheric aerosol loading levels were classified:clean periods(CPs),moderately polluted periods(MPPs)and severely polluted periods(SPPs).Correlation analysis revealed that HONO formation via heteroge.neous conversion of NO_(2)was more efficient on aerosol surfaces than on ground,highlighting the important role of aerosols in promoting HONO formation.Daytime HONO budget analysis indicated a large missing source(with an average production rate of 0.66±0.26,0.97±0.47 and 1.45±0.55 ppbV/hr for CPs,MPPs and SPPs,respectively),which strongly correlated with photo-enhanced reactions(NO_(2)heterogeneous reaction and particulate nitrate photolysis).Average OH formation derived from HONO photolysis reached up to(0.92±0.71),(1.75±1.26)and(1.82±1.47)ppbV/hr in CPs,MPPs and SPPs respectively,much higher than that from O3 photolysis(i.e.,(0.004±0.004),(0.006±0.007)and(0.0035±0.0034)ppbV/hr).Such high OH production rates could markedly regulate the atmospheric oxidation capacity and hence promote the formation of secondary aerosols and pollutants.

离合词的句法本质再探——对袁毓林(2018)等质疑的回应

潘海华、叶狂(2015)提出汉语离合词结构本质上是双音节不及物动词带同源宾语形成的结构,离合词因而没有分开过。该文发表以来,受到学界广泛关注,也引发争议。袁毓林(2018)在对"同源宾语说"质疑的基础上提出了"形式转喻说"。文章首先对相关疑问一一回应,并指出"转喻说"面临三个难题:不能解释近义的双音节及物、不及物动词之间的句法对立;离合词与粘合式动宾结构之间也存在极大差异,二者难以建立转喻关系;离合词结构中的形义错配还需要另外的机制来解释。之后,文章在跨语言句法共性视野下,对比汉语离合结构与英语同源宾语结构的相似性,进一步支持潘和叶(2015)的观点。最后,文章指出,孟琮等(1999)很早就提到离合词是同源宾语结构,但未展开。潘和叶(2015)以及本文只不过是提供了详细论证。