不同pH值3.5%NaCl溶液中多种铜合金的选相腐蚀和空蚀行为

采用扫描开尔文力显微镜(SKPFM)对镍铝青铜(NAB)、高锰铝青铜(MAB)及锰黄铜(MB)中不同相的稳定性进行表征,并对3种铜合金在不同pH值3.5%NaCl溶液中的选相腐蚀及空蚀行为进行研究。结果显示,在酸性溶液(pH 2)中,每种材料中稳定性最差的κ相均发生溶解。在中性溶液(pH 6.8)中,NAB中富Al的κ相未发生腐蚀,而MAB和MB中富Fe的κ相发生溶解。在碱性溶液(pH 12)中,点蚀发生在MAB和MB的κ相以及NAB中的κⅡ相上。在任一溶液中,耐空蚀性能顺序均为:NAB>MAB>MB。在酸性溶液中,选相腐蚀显著加重空蚀损伤,且腐蚀-空蚀交互作用是导致空蚀的主导因素;在其他溶液中,选相腐蚀较为轻微,3种铜合金均表现出以力学损伤为主导的空蚀损伤机制。

镍铝青铜的显微组织与腐蚀和空蚀行为的关联性

对铸态镍铝青铜进行4种热处理,并对铸态和热处理后的镍铝青铜在3.5%NaCl(质量分数)溶液中的显微组织、腐蚀和空蚀行为进行对比研究。结果表明,经退火后,铸态中的β′相转变为共析组织,更多的κIV相从α相中析出。正火态镍铝青铜中共析组织含量减少,β′相含量增加,淬火态主要包含α和β′相。在随后的时效过程中,β′相内析出细小的针状α和κ相。退火态耐腐蚀性最差,这是由于其具有最高含量的共析组织,而共析组织会遭受严重的选择相腐蚀。淬火态表面形成的腐蚀产物膜保护性最好,耐腐蚀性最高。对于铸态、退火和正火态,力学冲击作用是导致空蚀破坏的主导因素。淬火和淬火+时效态合金由于具有较高的硬度,因此耐空蚀性能较好,空蚀−腐蚀交互作用是导致空蚀破坏的主导因素,且腐蚀促进空蚀在交互作用中占比较大。

Formation of carbonitride precipitates in hardfacing alloy with niobium addition

Niobium, as the most effective second-phase forming element, was added in the Fe-Crl3-C-N hard- facing alloy to get carbonitride precipitates. Morphology and composition of carbonitride in the hardfacing alloy were studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalyzer. The ther- modynamics and the effect on the matrix of the formation of carbonitride were also discussed. It was found that niobium carbonitrides are complex Nb（C, N） precipitate distributed on grain boundary and matrix of the hardfacing alloy. Under as-welded condition, primary carbonitride particles were readily precipitated from the hardfacing alloy with large size and morphology as they were formed already during solidification. Under heat treatment condi- tion, a large number of secondary carbonitrides can pre- cipitate out with very fine size and make a great secondary hardening effect on the matrix. As a result, addition of niobium in the hardfacing alloy can prevent the formation of chromium-rich phase on grain boundaries and inter- granular chromium depletion.

Corrosion and Cavitation Erosion Behaviors of Two Marine Propeller Materials in Clean and Sulfide-Polluted 3.5% NaCl Solutions

The corrosion and cavitation erosion behaviors of two main materials for ship propellers, i.e., nickel-aluminum bronze （NAB） and manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze （MAB） were investigated in a clean and sulfide-polluted 3.5% NaCl solutions. The presence of sulfide increased the corrosion damage of both NAB and MAB by rendering the corrosion product film thicker, more porous and less protective. For MAB, the formation of Fe oxides/sulfides within the corrosion product film may reduce the film compactness and responsible for the lower corrosion resistance, compared with NAB. The presence of sulfide caused the occurrence of more severe corrosion on the surface and therefore further enhanced the cavitation erosion damage. Compared with the result in the clean solution, the cavitation-erosion mass loss rate was raised by a factor of about 11.88% for MAB, and 58.6% for NAB. For NAB, the mechanical erosion dominated the damage in the clean solution, while the cavitation erosion synergy made a significant contribution to the overall damage in the sulfide-polluted solution. For MAB, it was the mechanical damage that contributed mainly to the cavitation erosion damage in both solutions. The exfoliation of large-sized κ phase and the cleavage rupture of β phases resulted in lower cavitation erosion resistance of MAB, compared with NAB.

Effect of Zener-Hollomon Parameter on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper Subjected to Friction Stir Welding

In this work,the influence of the Zener-Hollomon(Z)parameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper subjected to friction stir welding(FSW)was investigated.Liquid N2 cooling was conducted to control the cooling rate after the FSW.The obtained results demonstrate that the Z parameter was dependent on the tool rotation rate during the FSW,i.e.,a higher tool rotating rate resulted in a lower Z parameter.The grain size in the stir zone decreased with the increase in the Z parameter.The relationship between the yield strength and the Z parameter is established asσ0.2=σ0+kZn.This relationship exhibited two different plots under the conditions of air cooling and liquid N2 cooling.Even at a similar Z parameter,a significant yield strength difference occurred because massive dislocations,which were caused by the prevention of the post-annealing effect,were maintained in the stir zone.This study suggests that the influence of the post-annealing effect should not be neglected when analyzing the relationship between the Z parameter,micro structure,and mechanical properties.

Corrosion and Cavitation Erosion Behaviours of Cast Nickel Aluminium Bronze in 3.5% NaCl Solution with Different Sulphide Concentrations

The effect of sulphide(Na2S)concentration(SC)on the corrosion and cavitation erosion behaviours of a cast nickel aluminium bronze(NAB)in 3.5% NaCl solution is investigated in this study.The results show that when the SC exceeds 50 ppm,the hydrogen evolution reaction dominates the cathodic process,and a limiting current region appears in the anodic branch of the polarisation curve due to the formation of a copper sulphide film,which is a diffusion-controlled process.After longterm immersion,the increased mass loss rate of NAB with the sulphide additions of 20 and 50 ppm is attributed to the less protective films,which contains a mixture of copper oxides and sulphides.Moreover,NAB undergoes severe localised corrosion(selective phase corrosion,SPC)at the β’phases and eutectoid microstructureα+κⅢ.By comparison,NAB undergoes general corrosion and a copper sulphide film is formed in 100 and 200 ppm sulphide solutions.Cavitation erosion greatly increases the corrosion rate of NAB in all solutions and causes a negative potential shift in 3.5%NaCl solution due to the film destruction.However,a positive potential shift occurs in the solutions with SC higher than 50 ppm due to the accelerated mass transfer of the cathodic process.The cavitation erosion mass loss rate of NAB increases with the increase of SC.The occurrence of severe SPC decreases the phase boundary cohesion and causes brittle fracture under the cavitation impact.The corrosion-enhanced erosion is the most predominant factor for the cavitation erosion damage when the SC exceeds 50 ppm.

Formation mechanism of titanium and niobium carbides in hardfacing alloy

The most effective carbide-forming elements titanium and niobium were added into hardfacing alloy.Formation and composition of carbides in the hardfacing alloy were investigated by means of optical microscope（OM）,scanning electron microscope（SEM）,X-ray diffraction（XRD）and energy-dispersive spectrometer（EDS）.Hardness and impact toughness of the hardfacing alloy were measured.The thermodynamics and formation mechanism of carbides were also discussed.It is found that the carbides consist of TiC and NbC which are able to form directly from welding pool during the welding process.The formation mechanism of carbides involves nucleation of TiC followed by epitaxial precipitation of NbC on the surface of TiC.The formation of titanium and niobium carbides can obviously refine the microstructure and deplete the carbon in the matrix.The micros tructure transforms to well-distributed carbides and a tough martensite matrix,contributing to a good combination of high hardness and high toughness in the hardfacing alloy.

Microstructural evolution and numerical simulation of laser-welded Ti_(2)AlNb joints under different heat inputs

The influence of heat input on the microstructural evolution of laser-welded Ti_(2)AlNb joints was investigated in this study.The thermal cycles during welding process were analyzed by numerical simulation.In the heat affected zone(HAZ),the amount ofα_(2)and O phases decreased with laser power increasing.During the heating period,α_(2)→B2and O→B2transformations occurred,but the decomposition of the B2phase intoα_(2)and O phases was suppressed during the cooling period.The heat transfer in the HAZ generated more equiaxed B2grains,fewer LAGBs and a weaker{001}<110>texture due to recovery,recrystallization and grain growth.The phase composition of the fusion zone remained single with only the B2phase with the increase in heat input,but the mode of grain growth transformed from cellular growth into cellular dendritic growth.A finite element model was established to simulate the thermal cycles during the welding process.Higher heat input induced higher peak temperature,leading to higher temperatures in the HAZ for longer periods of time,which was beneficial for theα_(2)→B2and O→B2transformations.The calculated cooling rates in both the HAZ and in the fusion zone were faster than the critical cooling rate for B2→α_(2)and B2→O transformations.

Development of sandwich joining piece to fabricate segmented half-Heusler/skutterudite thermoelectric joints

Sn/Ni-Sn/Sn sandwich joining piece was developed and applied to fabricate segmented half-Heusler/skutterudite thermoelectric joints,and high-temperature service behavior of the joints was studied.The microstructure and contact resistance of the joint before and after aging were investigated.The joints are well bonded and no cracks appear at the interfaces of the joint before and after aging,which can be attributed to the formation of high-melting point intermetallic compounds.The electrical resistance crosses the joining layer smoothly and the contact resistance is low.These results show that the sandwich joining piece is effective and flexible,and promising for the preparation of segmented thermoelectric devices.