The dynamics of animal social structures are heavily influenced by environmental patterns of competition and cooperation.In folivorous colobine primates,prevailing theories suggest that larger group sizes should be fa...The dynamics of animal social structures are heavily influenced by environmental patterns of competition and cooperation.In folivorous colobine primates,prevailing theories suggest that larger group sizes should be favored in rainforests with a year-round abundance of food,thereby reducing feeding competition.Yet,paradoxically,larger groups are frequently found in high-altitude or high-latitude montane ecosystems characterized by a seasonal scarcity of leaves.This contradiction is posited to arise from cooperative benefits in heterogeneous environments.To investigate this hypothesis,we carried out a six-year field study on two neighboring groups of golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana),a species representing the northernmost distribution of colobine primates.Results showed that the groups adjusted their movement and habitat selection in response to fluctuating climates and spatiotemporal variability of resources,indicative of a dynamic foraging strategy.Notably,during the cold,resource-scarce conditions in winter,the large group occupied food-rich habitats but did not exhibit significantly longer daily travel distances than the smaller neighboring group.Subsequently,we compiled an eco-behavioral dataset of 52 colobine species to explore their evolutionary trajectories.Analysis of this dataset suggested that the increase in group size may have evolved via home range expansion in response to the cold and heterogeneous climates found at higher altitudes or latitudes.Hence,we developed a multi-benefits framework to interpret the formation of larger groups by integrating environmental heterogeneity.In cold and diverse environments,even smaller groups require larger home ranges to meet their dynamic survival needs.The spatiotemporal distribution of high-quality resources within these expanded home ranges facilitates more frequent interactions between groups,thereby encouraging social aggregation into larger groups.This process enhances the benefits of collaborative actions and reproductive opportunities,while simultaneously optimizing travel costs through a dynamic foraging strategy.展开更多
Objective: To improve early diagnosis of primary gallbladder carcinoma (PGC) and the understanding of its pathogenesis, pathological stages and progno- sis. Methods: The data from 679 patients with PGC trea- ted in ou...Objective: To improve early diagnosis of primary gallbladder carcinoma (PGC) and the understanding of its pathogenesis, pathological stages and progno- sis. Methods: The data from 679 patients with PGC trea- ted in our hospital from 1956 to 1998 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The incidence of PGC has been increasing in recent years, and the treatment is not satisfactory. Upon diagnosis, most patients with PGC were at ad- vanced stage. PGC was usually found in elderly women. The ratio of man to woman was 1:3. The gallstone, closely related to PGC, was found in 60% of the patients with PGC. The diagnostic accordance rate before and after operation was Iow. In most pa- tients, PGC was found unexpectedly during opera- tion for gallstone or acute cholecystitis. Many pa- tients with PGC missed the opportunity of diagnosis and therapy because doctor only noticed the diagnosis of gallstone. Pathological classification revealed that PGC in most patients (84.4%) were adenocarcino- ma. Imaging helped to find early-stage cases and im- prove prognosis. Conclusions: Understanding of pathogenesis, patho- logical stages and prognosis of PGC and proper use of various examinations are essential to the early di- agnosis and treatment of the disease.展开更多
Background:The purpose of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of neonatal idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus(ICTEV)in Northwest China followed a seasonal pattern and to speculate the potential et...Background:The purpose of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of neonatal idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus(ICTEV)in Northwest China followed a seasonal pattern and to speculate the potential etiology of ICTEV.Methods:We collected data from 221 children with ICTEV who were born in Northwest China to investigate seasonal variations.We also analyzed seasonal variations in the month of birth and severity.Results:Among male infants with ICTEV,the constituent ratio of children born in May and October was statistically different from that of normal children(OR=1.674,95%CI,1.003-2.795,P=0.049;OR=0.041,95%CI,0.450-0.968,P=0.041).The months distribution of unilateral and bilateral limb was different(P=0.025).The constituent ratio of bilateral limb in March was higher than that in the other months(P=0.003).Conclusions:This study does not support an in-utero enterovirus infection as the etiology of ICTEV.However,the current research provides strong evidence in support of an unidentified environmental factor influencing the occurrence of ICTEV in the Northwest Chinese population.展开更多
As one type of promising candidates for environmental and energy-related systems, multi-shelled transition metal oxide hollow structures （MS-TMOHSs） have drawn great scientific and technical interest in the past few...As one type of promising candidates for environmental and energy-related systems, multi-shelled transition metal oxide hollow structures （MS-TMOHSs） have drawn great scientific and technical interest in the past few years. This article highlights recent advances in one-pot solution synthesis of MS- TMOHSs. We begin it with an overview of synthetic strategies that have been exploited to achieve these peculiar structures. We then focus on one-pot solution approaches in the following four sections： i） soft templates directed growth; ii） Ostwald ripening; iii） controlled etching; and iv） gas bubble assisted growth. After giving a brief discussion on the unique properties and applications of these multi-shelled hollow structures, we conclude this review with the general challenges and the potential future directions of this excitin~ area of research.展开更多
基金supported by the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(2019HJ2096001006)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001099,32170512,32370524)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M683539)。
文摘The dynamics of animal social structures are heavily influenced by environmental patterns of competition and cooperation.In folivorous colobine primates,prevailing theories suggest that larger group sizes should be favored in rainforests with a year-round abundance of food,thereby reducing feeding competition.Yet,paradoxically,larger groups are frequently found in high-altitude or high-latitude montane ecosystems characterized by a seasonal scarcity of leaves.This contradiction is posited to arise from cooperative benefits in heterogeneous environments.To investigate this hypothesis,we carried out a six-year field study on two neighboring groups of golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana),a species representing the northernmost distribution of colobine primates.Results showed that the groups adjusted their movement and habitat selection in response to fluctuating climates and spatiotemporal variability of resources,indicative of a dynamic foraging strategy.Notably,during the cold,resource-scarce conditions in winter,the large group occupied food-rich habitats but did not exhibit significantly longer daily travel distances than the smaller neighboring group.Subsequently,we compiled an eco-behavioral dataset of 52 colobine species to explore their evolutionary trajectories.Analysis of this dataset suggested that the increase in group size may have evolved via home range expansion in response to the cold and heterogeneous climates found at higher altitudes or latitudes.Hence,we developed a multi-benefits framework to interpret the formation of larger groups by integrating environmental heterogeneity.In cold and diverse environments,even smaller groups require larger home ranges to meet their dynamic survival needs.The spatiotemporal distribution of high-quality resources within these expanded home ranges facilitates more frequent interactions between groups,thereby encouraging social aggregation into larger groups.This process enhances the benefits of collaborative actions and reproductive opportunities,while simultaneously optimizing travel costs through a dynamic foraging strategy.
文摘Objective: To improve early diagnosis of primary gallbladder carcinoma (PGC) and the understanding of its pathogenesis, pathological stages and progno- sis. Methods: The data from 679 patients with PGC trea- ted in our hospital from 1956 to 1998 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The incidence of PGC has been increasing in recent years, and the treatment is not satisfactory. Upon diagnosis, most patients with PGC were at ad- vanced stage. PGC was usually found in elderly women. The ratio of man to woman was 1:3. The gallstone, closely related to PGC, was found in 60% of the patients with PGC. The diagnostic accordance rate before and after operation was Iow. In most pa- tients, PGC was found unexpectedly during opera- tion for gallstone or acute cholecystitis. Many pa- tients with PGC missed the opportunity of diagnosis and therapy because doctor only noticed the diagnosis of gallstone. Pathological classification revealed that PGC in most patients (84.4%) were adenocarcino- ma. Imaging helped to find early-stage cases and im- prove prognosis. Conclusions: Understanding of pathogenesis, patho- logical stages and prognosis of PGC and proper use of various examinations are essential to the early di- agnosis and treatment of the disease.
基金This study was supported by the Research Foundation of the Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University(2019D10)We thank LetPub(www.letpub.com)for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
文摘Background:The purpose of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of neonatal idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus(ICTEV)in Northwest China followed a seasonal pattern and to speculate the potential etiology of ICTEV.Methods:We collected data from 221 children with ICTEV who were born in Northwest China to investigate seasonal variations.We also analyzed seasonal variations in the month of birth and severity.Results:Among male infants with ICTEV,the constituent ratio of children born in May and October was statistically different from that of normal children(OR=1.674,95%CI,1.003-2.795,P=0.049;OR=0.041,95%CI,0.450-0.968,P=0.041).The months distribution of unilateral and bilateral limb was different(P=0.025).The constituent ratio of bilateral limb in March was higher than that in the other months(P=0.003).Conclusions:This study does not support an in-utero enterovirus infection as the etiology of ICTEV.However,the current research provides strong evidence in support of an unidentified environmental factor influencing the occurrence of ICTEV in the Northwest Chinese population.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91122016)the National Basic Research Program of China(Nos.2011 CB808402,2009CB930401 )
文摘As one type of promising candidates for environmental and energy-related systems, multi-shelled transition metal oxide hollow structures （MS-TMOHSs） have drawn great scientific and technical interest in the past few years. This article highlights recent advances in one-pot solution synthesis of MS- TMOHSs. We begin it with an overview of synthetic strategies that have been exploited to achieve these peculiar structures. We then focus on one-pot solution approaches in the following four sections： i） soft templates directed growth; ii） Ostwald ripening; iii） controlled etching; and iv） gas bubble assisted growth. After giving a brief discussion on the unique properties and applications of these multi-shelled hollow structures, we conclude this review with the general challenges and the potential future directions of this excitin~ area of research.
