Advances in the study of gastric organoids as disease models

Gastric organoids are models created in the laboratory using stem cells and sophisticated three-dimensional cell culture techniques.These models have shown great promise in providing valuable insights into gastric physiology and advanced disease research.This review comprehensively summarizes and analyzes the research advances in culture methods and techniques for adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids,and patient-derived organoids.The potential value of gastric organoids in studying the pathogenesis of stomach-related diseases and facilitating drug screening is initially discussed.The construction of gastric organoids involves several key steps,including cell extraction and culture,three-dimensional structure formation,and functional expression.Simulating the structure and function of the human stomach by disease modeling with gastric organoids provides a platform to study the mechanism of gastric cancer induction by Helicobacter pylori.In addition,in drug screening and development,gastric organoids can be used as a key tool to evaluate drug efficacy and toxicity in preclinical trials.They can also be used for precision medicine according to the specific conditions of patients with gastric cancer,to assess drug resistance,and to predict the possibility of adverse reactions.However,despite the impressive progress in the field of gastric organoids,there are still many unknowns that need to be addressed,especially in the field of regenerative medicine.Meanwhile,the reproducibility and consistency of organoid cultures are major challenges that must be overcome.These challenges have had a significant impact on the development of gastric organoids.Nonetheless,as technology continues to advance,we can foresee more comprehensive research in the construction of gastric organoids.Such research will provide better solutions for the treatment of stomach-related diseases and personalized medicine.

Esophageal myoepithelial carcinoma:Four case reports

BACKGROUND Myoepithelial carcinoma(MC)is a rare malignant neoplasm that mainly occurs in the salivary gland.MC can be confused with many other tumors when arising outside the salivary glands because it presents with a wide spectrum of cytomorphological and immunohistochemical features.To the best of our knowledge,esophageal MC has not been previously reported.The purpose of this study was to describe the imaging and clinicopathological features of esophageal MC to improve the understanding of the disease.CASE SUMMARY Three men and one woman diagnosed with esophageal MC were enrolled in this study.The primary clinical symptom was dysphagia.The mass was mainly located in the middle esophagus.Laboratory tests revealed that two patients who underwent tumor abnormal protein were positive.Radical resection was performed for all patients with no adjuvant therapy.Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed infiltrative growth of epithelial cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei toward the periphery.Immunohistochemistry showed that all patients were positive for P63,and most patients were positive for SOX-10,AE1/AE3,P40,and calponin.The Ki-67 values were all higher than 60%.Patient one died one month after discharge from an unknown cause.Patient two lost to follow-up.At patient three’s four-month review,enhanced computed tomography(CT)showed anastomosis recurrence and bilateral lung metastases.He abandoned treatment and lost to follow-up.Patient four attended review appointments regularly and remained in a good general condition.CONCLUSION Here,we present the first report of esophageal MC and review the relevant literature.Esophageal MC is more likely to occur in the middle esophagus in older patients with male dominance.A fungating type observed on CT scanning may help narrow down the differential diagnosis.Cystic change or necrosis may occur in larger lesions.The final diagnosis should be made according to the pathological examination.The treatment for MC is surgical resection,and the efficacy of chemotherapy needs to be determined with future studies.