Combing and exploring the origin and development of diabetic nephropathy based on the theory of collateral disorders

By searching TCM disease names"Xiao Shen","Shen Xiao"and"Xin Xiao",which are considered higher degree of coincidence with diabetic nephropathy according to study.And combined with the theory of collateral disorders,sort out the classic literature of traditional Chinese medicine and modern experts'works in chronological order.To make a preliminary exploration of the origin of diabetic nephropathy based on the theory of collateral disorders.Hope to provide reference for TCM theory and clinical research on treating diabetic nephropathy from the theory of collateral disorders in the future.

Epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza viruses in China during 2020–2021

Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,seasonal influenza activity declined globally and remained below previous seasonal levels,but intensified in China since 2021.Preventive measures to COVID-19 accompanied by different epidemic characteristics of influenza in different regions of the world.To better respond to influenza outbreaks under the COVID-19 pandemic,we analyzed the epidemiology,antigenic and genetic characteristics,and antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses in the mainland of China during 2020–2021.Methods: Respiratory specimens from influenza like illness cases were collected by sentinel hospitals and sent to network laboratories in Chinese National Influenza Surveillance Network.Antigenic mutation analysis of influenza virus isolates was performed by hemagglutination inhibition assay.Next-generation sequencing was used for genetic analyses.We also conducted molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of circulating influenza viruses.Viruses were tested for resistance to antiviral medications using phenotypic and/or sequence-based methods.Results: In the mainland of China,influenza activity recovered in 2021 compared with that in 2020 and intensified during the traditional influenza winter season,but it did not exceed the peak in previous years.Almost all viruses isolated during the study period were of the B/Victoria lineage and were characterized by genetic diversity,with the subgroup 1A.3a.2 viruses currently predominated.37.8%viruses tested were antigenically similar to reference viruses representing the components of the vaccine for the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 Northern Hemisphere influenza seasons.In addition,China has a unique subgroup of 1A.3a.1 viruses.All viruses tested were sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors and endonuclease inhibitors,except two B/Victoria lineage viruses identified to have reduced sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors.Conclusions: Influenza activity increased in the mainland of China in 2021,and caused flu season in the winter of 2021–2022.Although the diversity of influenza(sub)type decreases,B/Victoria lineage viruses show increased genetic and antigenic diversity.The world needs to be fully prepared for the co-epidemic of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)virus globally.