Carbon materials,including graphite,hard carbon,soft carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes,are widely used as high-performance negative electrodes for sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries(SIBs and PIBs).Compared with...Carbon materials,including graphite,hard carbon,soft carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes,are widely used as high-performance negative electrodes for sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries(SIBs and PIBs).Compared with other materials,carbon materials are abundant,low-cost,and environmentally friendly,and have excellent electrochemical properties,which make them especially suitable for negative electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs.Compared with traditional carbon materials,modifications of the morphology and size of nanomaterials represent effective strategies to improve the quality of electrode materials.Different nanostructures make different contributions toward improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials,so the synthesis of nanomaterials is promising for controlling the morphology and size of electrode materials.This paper reviews the progress made and challenges in the use of carbon materials as negative electrode materials for SIBs and PIBs in recent years.The differences in Na+and K+storage mechanisms among different types of carbon materials are emphasized.展开更多
Background： The antibiotic meropenem is commonly administered pharmacokinetic, clinical, and bacteriological efficacies of continuous patients. n patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. We compared the infusion...Background： The antibiotic meropenem is commonly administered pharmacokinetic, clinical, and bacteriological efficacies of continuous patients. n patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. We compared the infusion of meropenem versus internaittent administration in such Methods： Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit （ICU） with severe sepsis or septic shock who received meropenem were randomly assigned to either the continuous （n = 25） or intermittent groups 01 = 25）. The continuous group received a loading dose of 0.5 g of meropenem lbllowed by a continuous infusion of 3 g/day： the intermittent group received an initial dose of 1.5 g lbllowed by 1 g lbr every 8 h. Clinical success, microbiological eradication, superinfection, ICU mortality, length of ICU stay, and duration of meropenem treatment were assessed. Serial plasma meropenem concentrations tbr the first and third dosing periods （steady state） were also measured. Results： Clinical success was similar in both the continuous （64%） and intermittent （56%） groups （P = 0.564）： the rates of microbiological eradication and superinfection （81.8% vs. 66.7% [P = 0.255] and 4% vs. 16% [P 0.157], respectively） showed improvement in the continuous group. The duration of meropenem treatment was significantly shorter in the continuous group （7.6 vs. 9.4 days; P = 0.035）, where a better steady-state concentration was also achieved. Peak and trough concentrations were significantly different between the continuous and intermittent groups both in the first （Cmax： 19.8 mg/L vs. 51.8 mg/L, P = 0.000; Cmin： 11.2 mg/L vs. 0.5 nag/L, P = 0.000） and third dosing periods （Cmax： 12.5 mg/L vs. 46.4 rag/L, P = 0.000; Cmin： 11.4 mg/L vs. 0.6 rag/L, P = 0.000）. For medium-susceptibility pathogens, continuous inthsion concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration were 100%, which was better than that in the intermittent group- Conclusions： Continuous infusion of meropenem provides significantly shorter treatment duration and a tendency for superior bacteriological efficacy than intermittent administration. Continuous inthsion may be more optimal against imermediate-susceptibility pathogens.展开更多
文摘Carbon materials,including graphite,hard carbon,soft carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes,are widely used as high-performance negative electrodes for sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries(SIBs and PIBs).Compared with other materials,carbon materials are abundant,low-cost,and environmentally friendly,and have excellent electrochemical properties,which make them especially suitable for negative electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs.Compared with traditional carbon materials,modifications of the morphology and size of nanomaterials represent effective strategies to improve the quality of electrode materials.Different nanostructures make different contributions toward improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials,so the synthesis of nanomaterials is promising for controlling the morphology and size of electrode materials.This paper reviews the progress made and challenges in the use of carbon materials as negative electrode materials for SIBs and PIBs in recent years.The differences in Na+and K+storage mechanisms among different types of carbon materials are emphasized.
文摘Background： The antibiotic meropenem is commonly administered pharmacokinetic, clinical, and bacteriological efficacies of continuous patients. n patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. We compared the infusion of meropenem versus internaittent administration in such Methods： Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit （ICU） with severe sepsis or septic shock who received meropenem were randomly assigned to either the continuous （n = 25） or intermittent groups 01 = 25）. The continuous group received a loading dose of 0.5 g of meropenem lbllowed by a continuous infusion of 3 g/day： the intermittent group received an initial dose of 1.5 g lbllowed by 1 g lbr every 8 h. Clinical success, microbiological eradication, superinfection, ICU mortality, length of ICU stay, and duration of meropenem treatment were assessed. Serial plasma meropenem concentrations tbr the first and third dosing periods （steady state） were also measured. Results： Clinical success was similar in both the continuous （64%） and intermittent （56%） groups （P = 0.564）： the rates of microbiological eradication and superinfection （81.8% vs. 66.7% [P = 0.255] and 4% vs. 16% [P 0.157], respectively） showed improvement in the continuous group. The duration of meropenem treatment was significantly shorter in the continuous group （7.6 vs. 9.4 days; P = 0.035）, where a better steady-state concentration was also achieved. Peak and trough concentrations were significantly different between the continuous and intermittent groups both in the first （Cmax： 19.8 mg/L vs. 51.8 mg/L, P = 0.000; Cmin： 11.2 mg/L vs. 0.5 nag/L, P = 0.000） and third dosing periods （Cmax： 12.5 mg/L vs. 46.4 rag/L, P = 0.000; Cmin： 11.4 mg/L vs. 0.6 rag/L, P = 0.000）. For medium-susceptibility pathogens, continuous inthsion concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration were 100%, which was better than that in the intermittent group- Conclusions： Continuous infusion of meropenem provides significantly shorter treatment duration and a tendency for superior bacteriological efficacy than intermittent administration. Continuous inthsion may be more optimal against imermediate-susceptibility pathogens.
