Insight to Pyroptosis in Viral Infectious Diseases

Background: Pyroptosis is defined as programmed necrosis executed by gasdermin D or E (GSDMD or GSDME), which punches cellular membrane. Morphologically, pyroptosis is characterized by cell swelling and cell membrane rupture, leading to the release of cellular contents that triggers intense inflammatory response. More and more studies have found that pyroptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of viral infection, which may be a determinant for inflammation observed in most viral diseases. Objective: This paper aims to summarize the roles of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and to provide potential drug targets for the treatment of viral diseases, which will contribute to medical research and public health. Measures: This paper mainly summarizes pyroptosis occurring in diseases caused by different viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis virus, enterovirus, influenza virus and dengue fever virus. Meanwhile, the reported mechanism underlying pyroptosis mediating pathogenesis of these viral diseases will also be described. Conclusion: Current studies have shown that pyroptosis is a double-edged sword in viral infectious diseases. On one hand, pyroptosis leads to pathogenic inflammation of many viral infectious diseases which aggravate tissue damage initiated by viral infection, and blocking proptosis usually relieves the inflammation, which exerts therapeutic effects on viral diseases. On the other hand, moderating pyroptosis can contribute to defense against pathogen infection by releasing immune epitopes and inducing antiviral immune response.

Overview of the Lunar In Situ Resource Utilization Techniques for Future Lunar Missions

Along with the rapid development of space technology,extraterrestrial exploration has gradually tended to further-distanced and longer-termed planet exploration.As the first step of an attempt for humans to build a perpetual planet base,building a lunar base by in situ resource utilization(ISRU)will drastically reduce the reliance of supplies from Earth.Lunar resources including mineral resources,water/ice resources,volatiles,and solar energy will contribute to the establishment of a lunar base for long-term life support and scientific exploration missions,although we must consider the challenges from high vacuum,low gravity,extreme temperature conditions,etc.This article provides a comprehensive review of the past developing processes of ISRU and the latest progress of several ISRU technologies,including in situ water access,in situ oxygen production,in situ construction and manufacture,in situ energy utilization,and in situ life support and plant cultivation on the Moon.Despite being able to provide some material and energy supplies for lunar base construction and scientific exploration,the ISRU technologies need continuous validation and upgrade to satisfy the higher requirements from further lunar exploration missions.Ultimately,a 3-step development plan for lunar ISRU technologies in the next decade is proposed,which consists of providing technological solutions,conducting technical verification on payloads,and carrying out in situ experiments,with the ultimate aim of establishing a permanent lunar station and carrying out long-term lunar surface scientific activities.The overview of ISRU techniques and our suggestions will provide potential guidance for China’s future lunar exploration missions.

A plastic strain energy method exploration between machined surface integrity evolution and torsion fatigue behaviour of low alloy steel

To explore the evolution mechanism of multistage machining processes and torsional fatigue behaviour based on strain energy for the first time and provide process optimization of axis parts of low alloy steel for service performance,four multistage machining processes were applied to the 45Cr Ni Mo VA steel,including the Rough Turning process(RT),RT+the Finish Turning process(FRT),FRT+the Grinding process(GFRT)and RT+the Finish Turning process on dry cutting condition(FRT0).The result showed that the FRT process’s average low-cycle torsional fatigue life increased by 50%when it evolved from the RT process.The lower surface roughness of R1.3μm caused the total strain energy to increase by 163.8 Pa mm/mm instead of the unchanged strain energy density,and the crack feature evolved from some specific bulges to flat shear plane characteristics.When the GFRT process evolved from the FRT process,its average fatigue life increased by 1.45 times,compared with the RT process.Plastic strain amplitude decreased by 21%,and the strain energy density decreased by 4%due to more considerable compressive residual stress(-249 MPa).Plastic deformation layer depth had a consistent tendency with surface roughness.In this paper,surface integrity evolutions on cyclic characteristics and fatigue behaviour have also been explained.A fatigue life prediction model based on the energy method for machined surface integrity is proposed.