Screening of glucosinolates degrading lactic acid bacteria and their utilization in rapeseed meal fermentation

Rapeseed meal is a promising food ingredient, but its utilization is limited by the presence of some potentially harmful ingredients, such as glucosinolates. Fermentation is a cost-effective method of detoxication but a food-grade starter culture with glucosinolates degradation capacity is required. In this study, 46 strains of lactic acid bacteria from traditional paocai brines were screened for their ability to glucosinolate degradation. The results showed that more than 50% of the strains significantly degraded glucosinolates. Two strains of Lactiplantibacillus(p7 and s7) with high capacity of glucosinolates degradation through producing enzymes were identified. Then,an optimized condition for rapeseed meal fermentation by p7 was established to degrade glucosinolates, which can achieve about 80% degradation. UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis showed that the degradation rate of individual glucosinolates was different and the degradation rate of gluconapin and progoitrin in rapeseed meal can reach more than 90%. Meanwhile, fermentation with p7 can improve safety of rapeseed meal by inhibiting the growth of Enterobacteriaceae and improve its nutritional properties by degrading phytic acid. The in vitro digestion experiments showed that the content of glucosinolates in rapeseed meal decreased significantly during gastric digestion. Meanwhile, fermentation with p7 can greatly improve the release of soluble protein and increase the contents of free essential amino acids, such as lysine(increased by 12 folds) and methionine(increased by 10 folds).

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Absorbance Upper Optimization Partial Least Squares Applied to Rapid Analysis of Polysaccharide for Proprietary Chinese Medicine Oral Solution

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to reagent-free quantitative analysis of polysaccharide of a brand product of proprietary Chinese medicine (PCM) oral solution samples. A novel method, called absorbance upper optimization partial least squares (AUO-PLS), was proposed and successfully applied to the wavelength selection. Based on varied partitioning of the calibration and prediction sample sets, the parameter optimization was performed to achieve stability. On the basis of the AUO-PLS method, the selected upper bound of appropriate absorbance was 1.53 and the corresponding wavebands combination was 400 - 1880 & 2088 - 2346 nm. With the use of random validation samples excluded from the modeling process, the root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient of prediction for polysaccharide were 27.09 mg·L-1 and 0.888, respectively. The results indicate that the NIR prediction values are close to those of the measured values. NIR spectroscopy combined with AUO-PLS method provided a promising tool for quantification of the polysaccharide for PCM oral solution and this technique is rapid and simple when compared with conventional methods.

Nanofabrication of 50 nm zone plates through e-beam lithography with local proximity effect correction for x-ray imaging

High resolution Fresnel zone plates for nanoscale three-dimensional imaging of materials by both soft and hard x-rays are increasingly needed by the broad applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology.When the outmost zone-width is shrinking down to 50 nm or even below,patterning the zone plates with high aspect ratio by electron beam lithography still remains a challenge because of the proximity effect.The uneven charge distribution in the exposed resist is still frequently observed even after standard proximity effect correction(PEC),because of the large variety in the line width.This work develops a new strategy,nicknamed as local proximity effect correction(LPEC),efficiently modifying the deposited energy over the whole zone plate on the top of proximity effect correction.By this way,50 nm zone plates with the aspect ratio from 4:1 up to 15:1 and the duty cycle close to 0.5 have been fabricated.Their imaging capability in soft(1.3 keV)and hard(9 keV)x-ray,respectively,has been demonstrated in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)with the resolution of 50 nm.The local proximity effect correction developed in this work should also be generally significant for the generation of zone plates with high resolutions beyond 50 nm.

Precision integration of grating-based polarizers onto focal plane arrays of near-infrared photovoltaic detectors for enhanced contrast polarimetric imaging

Polarimetric imaging enhances the ability to distinguish objects from a bright background by detecting their particular polarization status,which offers another degree of freedom in infrared remote sensing.However,to scale up by monolithically integrating grating-based polarizers onto a focal plane array(FPA)of infrared detectors,fundamental technical obstacles must be overcome,including reductions of the extinction ratio by the misalignment between the polarizer and the detector,grating line width fluctuations,the line edge roughness,etc.This paper reports the authors’latest achievements in overcoming those problems by solving key technical issues regarding the integration of large-scale polarizers onto the chips of FPAs with individual indium gallium arsenide/indium phosphide(In Ga As/In P)sensors as the basic building blocks.Polarimetric and photovoltaic chips with divisions of the focal plane of 540×4 pixels and 320×256 superpixels have been successfully manufactured.Polarimetric imaging with enhanced contrast has been demonstrated.The progress made in this work has opened up a broad avenue toward industrialization of high quality polarimetric imaging in infrared wavelengths.

控制皮肤自我更新的关键蛋白

[动态]干细胞和祖细胞通过调节增殖和分化之间的平衡来维持他们所在组织的正常性，但还不清楚他们是如何做到这一点的。美国科学家最近报告人体细胞外体（exosome，是大约11种蛋白质组成的复合体）负责降解和循环利用各种磨损或出错的RNA。

Wip1 inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps to promote abscess formation in mice by directly dephosphorylating Coronin-1a

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) participate in the rapid inhibition and clearance of pathogens during infection;however, the molecular regulation of NET formation remains poorly understood. In the current study, we found that inhibition of the wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) significantly suppressed the activity of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and accelerated abscess healing in S. aureus-induced abscess model mice by enhancing NET formation. A Wip1 inhibitor significantly enhanced NET formation in mouse and human neutrophils in vitro. High-resolution mass spectrometry and biochemical assays demonstrated that Coro1a is a substrate of Wip1. Further experiments also revealed that Wip1 preferentially and directly interacts with phosphorylated Coro1a than compared to unphosphorylated inactivated Coro1a. The phosphorylated Ser426 site of Coro1a and the 28–90 aa domain of Wip1 are essential for the direct interaction of Coro1a and Wip1 and for Wip1 dephosphorylation of p-Coro1a Ser426. Wip1 deletion or inhibition in neutrophils significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of Coro1a-Ser426, which activated phospholipase C and subsequently the calcium pathway, the latter of which promoted NET formation after infection or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. This study revealed Coro1a to be a novel substrate of Wip1 and showed that Wip1 is a negative regulator of NET formation during infection. These results support the potential application of Wip1 inhibitors to treat bacterial infections.

卖家干扰下平台的评价激励机制设计研究

在线交易平台评价反馈机制的关键在于买家是否愿意做出真实的评价。买家的评价一方面受平台对评价激励机制设计的影响;另一方面也受卖家干扰行为的影响。卖家的干扰行为包括正向的,如好评诱惑;或是负向的,如差评骚扰。为此,平台对买家评价的激励设计需要把卖家的干扰行为考虑进来。本文研究在存在卖家干扰行为的环境下,平台如何设计对买家评价的激励机制。主要结论包括:平台对买家的固定激励水平需要根据卖家的干扰行为的性质(好评诱惑或差评骚扰)进行调整;而在可变激励水平方面,平台对买家的激励并不受卖家干扰行为的影响;当平台中诚信交易占比较高时,允许卖家进行正向干扰(好评有礼)能够从总体上提高平台的收益。

Genetics of T Cell Defects in Lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus （SLE） is an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-nuclear autoantibodies that cause damage to multiple organs and tissues. Intrinsic defects have been demonstrated in the lymphoid and myeloid cellular compartments, including T cells. Lupus susceptibility is mediated through the interplay of a large number of genes, most of which are still unidentified. Most of the genetic studies in both human patients and mouse models have addressed lupus susceptibility as a whole. More recently however, more attention has been paid to the inheritance of specific lupus-associated phenotypes. In this review, we summarized our results obtained with the Slel locus in the NZM2410 mouse model, which mediates the generation of anti-histone autoreactive T cells. Slel, which is constituted of multiple genes, is the only known genomic region that is sufficient for the generation of autoreactive T cells. The identification of the corresponding genes will constitute a landmark for our understanding of the mechanisms of autoimmunlty. Our results are discussed in the context of candidate genes and the role of T cells in systemic autoimmunlty. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（6）：403-409.

Differences in both the structure and interaction of the crust and mantle on the eastern and western sides of the Ordos Block

The Ordos Block,the western part of the North China Craton(NCC),has preserved most of its cratonic lithospheric roots during the destruction and modification of the NCC,and nowconnects two distinctly different tectonic units,i.e.,the Tibetan Plateau(TP)to the west and the North China Plain to the east.It is important to studythe detailed crust-mantle structure of the Ordos Block and surroundings to understand the interactions between the Ordos and adjacent regions and the dynamics of the NCC evolution.In this study,the S-wave velocity structure at depths of 0–100 km along an E-W profile at around 36.5°N from the Qilian orogen(QLO)to the Trans-North China Orogen(TNCO)within the NCC was investigated by joint inversion of the receiver functions(RFs)and surface wave dispersion data from 104 broadband seismic stations deployed in the region under the ChinArray project(PhaseⅡand PhaseⅢ).The image of discontinuity structures along the profile was further constructed by common conversion point stacking of RFs.The main results are as follows:(1)The depth of the Moho in the study region gradually decreases from west to east,being the deepest in the QLO,the second in the Ordos Block,and the shallowest in the TNCO.Local depression and uplift of the Moho are also identified beneath the Haiyuan fault zone and the Shanxi-Shaanxi rift system(SSR),respectively.(2)The crust-mantle structure displays obvious lateral heterogeneities among tectonic regions.A pronounced low-velocity anomaly is observed at depths of 20–40 km beneath the QLO and becomes weakened and thinned to the east,indicating that thickening of the mid-to-lower crust probably occurred in the QLO during the growth and lateral extrusion of the northeastern TP under the resistance of the NCC.The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath the TNCO is imaged at~90 km depth,which is significantly shallower than that beneath the Ordos Block.This observation suggests that the lithosphere of the TNCO may have experienced a notable thinning,possibly by thermal erosion and modification due to the mantle upwelling associated with the western Pacific subduction in the Mesozoic.(3)The uplifted Moho under the SSR and its neighboring areas is spatially coincident with the thinned lithosphere in the TNCO,indicating a close relationship between the development of the SSR and the lithospheric thinning and modification in this region.