Genetic pathways in cerebral palsy:a review of the implications for precision diagnosis and understanding disease mechanisms

Ce rebral palsy is a diagnostic term utilized to describe a group of permanent disorders affecting movement and posture.Patients with cerebral palsy are often only capable of limited activity,resulting from non-progressive disturbances in the fetal or neonatal brain.These disturbances severely impact the child’s daily life and impose a substantial economic burden on the family.Although cerebral palsy encompasses various brain injuries leading to similar clinical outcomes,the unde rstanding of its etiological pathways remains incomplete owing to its complexity and heterogeneity.This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the genetic factors influencing cerebral palsy development.It is now widely acknowledged that genetic mutations and alterations play a pivotal role in cerebral palsy development,which can be further influenced by environmental fa ctors.Des pite continuous research endeavors,the underlying fa ctors contributing to cerebral palsy remain are still elusive.However,significant progress has been made in genetic research that has markedly enhanced our comprehension of the genetic factors underlying cerebral palsy development.Moreove r,these genetic factors have been categorized based on the identified gene mutations in patients through clinical genotyping,including thrombosis,angiogenesis,mitochondrial and oxidative phosphorylation function,neuronal migration,and cellular autophagy.Furthermore,exploring targeted genotypes holds potential for precision treatment.In conclusion,advancements in genetic research have substantially improved our understanding of the genetic causes underlying cerebral palsy.These breakthroughs have the potential to pave the way for new treatments and therapies,consequently shaping the future of cerebral palsy research and its clinical management.The investigation of cerebral palsy genetics holds the potential to significantly advance treatments and management strategies.By elucidating the underlying cellular mechanisms,we can develop to rgeted interventions to optimize outcomes.A continued collaboration between researchers and clinicians is imperative to comprehensively unravel the intricate genetic etiology of cerebral palsy.

Online Consensus Control of Nonlinear Affine Systems From Disturbed Data

Dear Editor,In this letter, we introduce a novel online distributed data-driven robust control approach for learning controllers of unknown nonlinear multi-agent systems(MASs) using state-dependent representations.

Research on Equivalent Modeling Method of AC-DC Power Networks Integrating with Renewable Energy Generation

Along with the increasing integration of renewable energy generation in AC-DC power networks,investigating the dynamic behaviors of this complex system with a proper equivalent model is significant.This paper presents an equivalent modeling method for the AC-DC power networks with doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms to decrease the simulation scale and computational burden.For the AC-DC power networks,the equivalent modeling strategy in accordance with the physical structure simplification is stated.Regarding the DFIG-based wind farms,the equivalent modeling based on the sequential identification of multi-machine parameters using the improved chaotic cuckoo search algorithm(ICCSA)is conducted.In light of the MATLAB simulation platform,a two-zone four-DC interconnected power grid with wind farms is built to check the efficacy of the proposed equivalentmodelingmethod.Fromthe simulation analyses and comparative validation in different algorithms and cases,the proposed method can precisely reflect the steady and dynamic performance of the demonstrated system under N-1 and N-2 fault scenarios,and it can efficiently achieve the parameter identification of the wind farms and fulfill the equivalent modeling.Consequently,the proposed approach’s effectiveness and suitability are confirmed.

Self-confocal NIR-II fluorescence microscopy for multifunctional in vivo imaging

Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II,900–1880 nm)with less scattering background in biological tissues has been combined with the confocal microscopic system for achieving deep in vivo imaging with high spatial resolution.However,the traditional NIR-IIfluorescence confocal microscope with separate excitation focus and detection pinhole makes it possess low confocal e±ciency,as well as di±cultly to adjust.Two types of upgraded NIR-IIfluorescence confocal microscopes,sharing the same pinhole by excitation and emission focus,leading to higher confocal e±ciency,are built in this work.One type is-ber-pinhole-based confocal microscope applicable to CW laser excitation.It is constructed forfluorescence intensity imaging with large depth,high stabilization and low cost,which could replace multiphotonfluorescence microscopy in some applications(e.g.,cerebrovascular and hepatocellular imaging).The other type is air-pinhole-based confocal microscope applicable to femtosecond(fs)laser excitation.It can be employed not only for NIR-IIfluorescence intensity imaging,but also for multi-channelfluorescence lifetime imaging to recognize different structures with similarfluorescence spectrum.Moreover,it can be facilely combined with multiphotonfluorescence microscopy.A single fs pulsed laser is utilized to achieve up-conversion(visible multiphotonfluorescence)and down-conversion(NIR-II one-photonfluorescence)excitation simultaneously,extending imaging spectral channels,and thus facilitates multi-structure and multi-functional observation.

Diameter-dependent ultra-high thermoelectric performance of ZnO nanowires

Zinc oxide(ZnO)shows great potential in electronics,but its large intrinsic thermal conductivity limits its thermoelectric applications.In this work,we explore the significant carrier transport capacity and diameter-dependent thermoelectric characteristics of wurtzite-ZnO(0001)nanowires based on first-principles and molecular dynamics simulations.Under the synergistic effect of band degeneracy and weak phonon-electron scattering,P-type(ZnO)_(73) nanowires achieve an ultrahigh power factor above 1500μW·cm^(-1)·K^(-2)over a wide temperature range.The lattice thermal conductivity and carrier transport properties of ZnO nanowires exhibit a strong diameter size dependence.When the ZnO nanowire diameter exceeds 12.72A,the carrier transport properties increase significantly,while the thermal conductivity shows a slight increase with the diameter size,resulting in a ZT value of up to 6.4 at 700 K for P-type(ZnO)_(73).For the first time,the size effect is also illustrated by introducing two geometrical configurations of the ZnO nanowires.This work theoretically depicts the size optimization strategy for the thermoelectric conversion of ZnO nanowires.

The effect of anode axial position on the performance of a miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster with a cusp-type magnetic field

A 200 W cylindrical Hall thruster with a cusp-type magnetic field was proposed, manifesting convergent plume and high specific impulse. In this paper, a series of ring-shaped anodes are designed and the influence of anode axial position on the performance of CHT with a cusp-type magnetic field is studied. The experimental results indicate that the thruster keeps stable operation at the condition of 140–270 W discharge power. When the anode moves axially towards the upstream cusp field, the thrust enhances from 6.5 mN to 7.6 mN and specific impulse enhances from 1658 s to 1939 s significantly. These improvements of thruster performance should be attributed to the enhancement of current utilization, propellant utilization and acceleration efficiency. According to the analyses on the discharge characteristics, it is revealed that as the anode moves upstream, the electron transport path could be extended, the magnetic field in this extended path could impede electron cross-field transport and facilitate the ionization intensity, yielding to the enhancement of current utilization and propellant utilization efficiency.Moreover, along with this enhancement of upstream ionization at the given anode flow rate, the main ionization region is thought to move upstream and then separate more apparently from the acceleration region, which has been demonstrated by the narrowing of ion energy distribution function shape. This change in acceleration region could decrease the ion energy loss and enhance acceleration efficiency. This work is beneficial for optimizing the electrode structure of thruster and recognize the ionization and acceleration process under the cusp magnetic field.

Collimated gamma rays from laser wakefield accelerated electrons

Betatron radiation from laser wakefield accelerated electrons and X-rays scattered off a counter-propagating relativistic electron bunch arecollimated and hold the potential to extend the energy range to hard X-ray or gamma ray band. The peak brightness of these incoherent radiations could reach the level of the brightest synchrotron light sources in the world due to their femtosecond pulse duration and source sizedown to a few micrometers. In this article, the principle and properties of these radiation sources are briefly reviewed and compared. Then wepresent our recent progress in betatron radiation enhancement in the perspective of both photon energy and photon number. The enhancement istriggered by using a clustering gas target, arousing a second injection of a fiercely oscillating electron bunch with large charge or stimulating aresonantly enhanced oscillation of the ionization injected electrons. By adopting these methods, bright photon source with energy over 100 keVis generated which would greatly impact applications such as nuclear physics, diagnostic radiology, laboratory astrophysics and high-energydensity science.

Resource Allocation for Uplink CSI Sensing Report in Multi-User WLAN Sensing

Sensing in wireless local area network(WLAN) gains great interests recently. In this paper we focus on the multi-user WLAN sensing problem under the existing 802.11 standards. Multiple stations perform sensing with the access point and transmit channel state information(CSI)report simultaneously on the basis of uplink-orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA). Considering the transmission resource consumed in CSI report and the padding wastage in OFDMA based CSI report, we optimize the CSI simplification and uplink resource unit(RU)allocation jointly, aiming to balance the sensing accuracy and padding wastage performances in WLAN sensing. We propose the minimize padding maximize efficiency(MPME) algorithm to solve the problem and evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm through extensive simulations.

A Cross-View Model for Tourism Demand Forecasting with Artificial Intelligence Method

Forecasting always plays a vital role in modern economic and industrial fields,and tourism demand forecasting is an important part of intelligent tourism.This paper proposes a simple method for data modeling and a combined cross-view model,which is easy to implement but very effective.The method presented in this paper is commonly used for BPNN and SVR algorithms.A real tourism data set of Small Wild Goose Pagoda is used to verify the feasibility of the proposed method,with the analysis of the impact of year,season,and week on tourism demand forecasting.Comparative experiments suggest that the proposed model shows better accuracy than contrast methods.

Rare earth alloy nanomaterials in electrocatalysis

With the rapid development of society and economy, the excessive consumption of fossil energy has led to the global energy and environment crisis. In order to explore the sustainable development of new energy, research based on electrocatalysis has attracted extensive attention in the academic circle. The main challenge in this field is to develop nano-catalysts with excellent electrocatalytic activity and selectivity for target products. The state of the active site in catalyst plays a decisive role in the activity and selectivity of the reaction. In order to design efficient and excellent catalysts, it is an effective means to adjust the electronic structure of catalysts. Electronic effects are also called ligand effects. By alloying with rare earth(RE) elements, electrons can be redistributed between RE elements and transition metal elements, achieving accurate design of the electronic structure of the active site in the alloy. Because of the unique electronic structure of RE, it has been paid attention in the field of catalysis. The outermost shell structure of RE elements is basically the same as that of the lower shell, except that the number of electrons in the 4f orbital is different, but the energy level is similar, so their properties are very similar. When RE elements form compounds, both the f electrons in the outermost shell and the d electrons in the lower outer shell can participate in bonding. In addition, part of the 4f electrons in the third outer shell can also participate in bonding.In order to improve the performance of metal catalysts, alloying provides an effective method to design advanced functional materials. RE alloys can integrate the unique electronic structure and catalytic behavior of RE elements into metal materials, which not only provides an opportunity to adjust the electronic structure and catalytic activity of the active component, but also enhances the structural stability of the alloy and is expected to significantly improve the catalytic performance of the catalyst. From the perspective of electronic and catalytic activity, RE elements have unique electronic configuration and lanthanide shrinkage effect. Alloying with RE elements will make the alloy have more abundant electronic structure, activity, and spatial arrangement, effectively adjusting the reaction kinetics of the electrochemical process of the catalyst. In this paper, the composition,structure, synthesis of RE alloys and their applications in the field of electrocatalysis are summarized, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, the oxygen evolution reaction, the oxygen reduction reaction, the methanol oxidation reaction, the ethanol oxidation reaction, and other catalytic reactions. At the same time, the present challenges of RE alloy electrocatalytic materials are summarized and their future development direction is pointed out. In the field of electrocatalysis, the cost of catalyst is too high and the stability is not strong. Therefore, the testing process should be related to the actual application, and the test method should be standardized, so as to carry forward the field of electrocatalysis.

Anorectal Pharmacodynamics and In Vitro Drug Release of Clerodendrum bungei Steud.Extract Gel

[Objectives]To determine the optimal preparation technology of Clerodendrum bungei Steud.extract gel by orthogonal test and gel quality test method in General Rule 0114 of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Volume IV,2020 Edition),and to study its anorectal pharmacodynamics and drug release in vitro.[Methods]Carbomer 940,propylene glycol and absolute ethyl alcohol were selected as the main factors,and the preparation technology of C.bungei Steud.extract gel was optimized by orthogonal test.The mouse model of ulcerative hemorrhoids was established with glacial acetic acid(HAC)and compared with Ma Yinglong musk hemorrhoids ointment.The recovery of trauma was compared between the two groups.At the same time,porcine small intestine was used as semi-permeable membrane to make diffusion cell to simulate anal environment,and the drug release in vitro was studied.[Results]The C.bungei Steud.extract gel was smooth in appearance and good in stability.It could effectively treat anal ulcer in mice and release quickly in vitro.[Conclusions]The formula is reasonable,and the effect of animal experiment is remarkable,which can provide a new treatment plan for ulcerative hemorrhoids.

Precise genome-editing in human diseases:mechanisms,strategies and applications

Precise genome-editing platforms are versatile tools for generating specific,site-directed DNA insertions,deletions,and substitutions.The continuous enhancement of these tools has led to a revolution in the life sciences,which promises to deliver novel therapies for genetic disease.Precise genome-editing can be traced back to the 1950s with the discovery of DNA’s doublehelix and,after 70 years of development,has evolved from crude in vitro applications to a wide range of sophisticated capabilities,including in vivo applications.Nonetheless,precise genome-editing faces constraints such as modest efficiency,delivery challenges,and off-target effects.In this review,we explore precise genome-editing,with a focus on introduction of the landmark events in its history,various platforms,delivery systems,and applications.First,we discuss the landmark events in the history of precise genome-editing.Second,we describe the current state of precise genome-editing strategies and explain how these techniques offer unprecedented precision and versatility for modifying the human genome.Third,we introduce the current delivery systems used to deploy precise genome-editing components through DNA,RNA,and RNPs.Finally,we summarize the current applications of precise genome-editing in labeling endogenous genes,screening genetic variants,molecular recording,generating disease models,and gene therapy,including ex vivo therapy and in vivo therapy,and discuss potential future advances.

中国共产党百年人民利益观演进逻辑及其宪法表达

中国共产党之所以能够赢得人民的拥护,是因为从立党之初就将“为人民谋利益”作为自身的使命。人民利益的实现是一个永无止境的过程,回溯百年,中国共产党人民利益观经历了从革命时期的“民族独立、民权自由、民生幸福”到建国初期的“巩固政权和增强国力”,再到改革开放时期的“社会主义现代化建设和民主法制建设”,进而“以人为本和依法治国”的演进过程。同时,中国共产党通过法定程序将人民利益观以法律规范的形式确认于纲领性文件、宪法性文件及宪法之中,使人民利益的实现具有了法治的保障。

A five-parameter constitutive model for hysteresis shearing and energy dissipation of rock joints

Rock joints exhibit hysteresis shearing behavior and produce energy dissipation under shear cyclic loads,which however cannot be accurately depicted by existing constitutive models. This paper establishes a constitutive model for hysteresis shearing and associated energy dissipation of rock joints. Analytical expressions of the model during cyclic shearing processes are derived. Derivation of the model indicates no energy dissipation in the elastic stage. When the shear load exceeds elastic boundary, nonlinear energy dissipation takes place. Validations with experiments show that the proposed model provides good conformities with direct shear curves and hysteresis loops, and can predict the energy dissipation characteristics of rock joints under different working conditions. Compared to the constitutive models using Weibull's distribution, the proposed one is smooth at the elastic boundary and can accurately capture the maximum shear stress. Unlike the existing incremental-type models, the proposed one provides clear and direct analytical expressions for both shear stress and energy dissipation during the whole displacement domain, which is more convenient in application.

基于GIS与地表覆盖的城乡划分实证研究——以武汉为例

正确的城乡划分是评估城市化水平的基础,快速城市化导致的城乡交接地区的用地快速变化和混乱程度加剧,造成城乡范围难以界定。本文提出一套可行的城乡实体用地的划分技术方法,并以武汉市为例,利用2010年地表覆盖数据及百万居民点分布数据进行实体地域的城乡划分。

Rheological Properties of Six Plant-Based Seed Gums

The rheological properties of six mucilage solutions (Guar Gum, Locust Bean Gum, Tamarind Gum, Flaxseed Gum, Artemisia Sphaerocephala Krasch Gum and Cassia Gum) have been examined. It was found that all six gums could be classified into three different types according to the changes of viscosity with increasing shear rate. Steady shear viscous properties in a range of shear rate from 0.1 to 100 s-1 were investigated in the provision of mucilage concentration, pH, temperature and salts. A non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior was observed. The data of viscosity-shear successfully correlated Power law model. Apparent viscosity was apparently dependent on mucilage concentration increasing significantly as mass fraction went up. A marked dependence of viscosity on temperature was also observed;as temperature increased, the viscosity decreased sharply. The value n of flaxseed gum is minimum, which means it behaves the greatest shear-thinning properties. Both Guar gum and Tamarind gum possessed better acid-proof and alkali-proof advantages. The flow activation energy of ASKG is 4.3 kcal which is higher than other gums so that the influence of temperature on characteristics of viscosity is stronger. The mechanical spectra in the linear viscoelasticity region were studied in the temperature range from 20°C to 90°C, at a frequency range from 0.1 to 10 Hz. It was observed that Both elastic modulus G' and viscous modulus G" behaviors were found to be dependent on temperature and frequency. What have been investigated in this work could provide guidance for practical application in the field of food industry.

International Patent Cooperation,Patent Prosecution Highway Agreements,and Export Product Quality

This paper investigates how international cooperation for patent examination using Patent Prosecution Highway(PPH)agreements has affected the quality of firms'exports.Taking the PPH agreements signed between China and the export destinations as a quasi-natural experiment,we established a difference-in-difference-in-differences model.We found that international cooperation for patent examination caused firms to increase export quality to PPH partners in patent-intensive industries to a greater extent.This effect was more profound among PPH partners with stronger intellectual property protection,diferentiated products and core products,and agreements along with the Patent Cooperation Treaty.We also found that PPH agreements increased the number of Chinese patent applications filed in PPH partners,patent applications by PPH partners in China,and the level of innovation,all of which constitute the major channels through which export quality to PPH partners increases.Our findings demonstrate that international patent cooperation has played an important role in promoting international trade quality.

Robustness of anammox granular sludge treating low-strength sewage under various shock loadings:Microbial mechanism and little N2O emission

With the increasing application of anammox for the treatment of high-strength industrial wastewater,application of anammox in municipal sewage has been gaining more attention.Sludge granulation in particular enhances the enrichment and retention of anammox bacteria in municipal sewage treatment systems.However,the performance of granular sludge under continuous and varying hydraulic loading shock remains little understood.In this study,the robustness of anammox granular sludge in treating lowstrength municipal sewage under various shock loadings was investigated.Results showed that an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB)reactor with anammox granules performed well,with anammox specific activity up to 0.28 kg N/kg VSS/day and anti-loading shock capability up to 187.2 L/day during the 8-month testing period.The accumulation rate of N2O(<0.01 kg N/kg VSS/day)in the liquid phase was seven times higher than that of the gas phase,which could be mainly attributed to the incomplete denitrification and insufficient carbon source.However,only a small part of the produced N2O escaped into the atmosphere.High-throughput sequencing and molecular ecological network analyses also identified the bacterial diversity and community structure,indicating the potential resistance against loading shock.The composition and structural analyses showed that polysaccharides were an important functional component in the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS),which was the major EPS layer of anammox granules.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)also showed that the gaps in between the anammoxclusters in the granules inhibit the flotation of the sludge and ensure efficient settling and retention of anammox granules.

High period frequency LIPSS emerging on 304 stainless steel under the irradiation of femtosecond laser double-pulse trains

In this work,we used femtosecond laser double-pulse trains to produce laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)on 304 stainless steel.Surprisingly,a novel type of periodic structure was discovered,which,to the best of our knowledge,is the first in literature.We surmised that the cause for this novel LIPSS was related to the weak energy coupling of subpulses when the intrapulse delay was longer than the thermal relaxation time of stainless steel.Furthermore,we found that the fluence combination and arrival sequence of subpulses in a double-pulse train also influenced LIPSS morphology.

Visual knowledge guided intelligent generation of Chinese seal carving

We digitally reproduce the process of resource collaboration,design creation,and visual presentation of Chinese seal-carving art.We develop an intelligent seal-carving art-generation system(Zhejiang University Intelligent Seal-Carving System,http://www.next.zju.edu.cn/seal/;the website of the seal-carving search and layout system is http://www.next.zju.edu.cn/seal/search_app/)to deal with the difficulty in using a visual knowledge guided computational art approach.The knowledge base in this study is the Qiushi Seal-Carving Database,which consists of open datasets of images of seal characters and seal stamps.We propose a seal character generation method based on visual knowledge,guided by the database and expertise.Furthermore,to create the layout of the seal,we propose a deformation algorithm to adjust the seal characters and calculate layout parameters from the database and knowledge to achieve an intelligent structure.Experimental results show that this method and system can effectively deal with the difficulties in the generation of seal carving.Our work provides theoretical and applied references for the rebirth and innovation of seal-carving art.