Holistic and localized preparation methods for triboelectric sensors:principles,applications and perspectives

With the arrival of intelligent terminals,triboelectric nanogenerators,as a new kind of energy converter,are considered one of the most important technologies for the next generation of intelligent electronics.As a self-powered sensor,it can greatly reduce the power consumption of the entire sensing system by transforming external mechanical energy to electricity.However,the fabrication method of triboelectric sensors largely determines their functionality and performance.This review provides an overview of various methods used to fabricate triboelectric sensors,with a focus on the processes of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology,three-dimensional printing,textile methods,template-assisted methods,and material synthesis methods for manufacturing.The working mechanisms and suitable application scenarios of various methods are outlined.Subsequently,the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are summarized,and reference schemes for the subsequent application of these methods are included.Finally,the opportunities and challenges faced by different methods are discussed,as well as their potential for application in various intelligent systems in the Internet of Things.

Successive formation of secondary pores via feldspar dissolution in deeply buried feldspar-rich clastic reservoirs in typical petroliferous basins and its petroleum geological significance

Clastic rock reservoirs in petroliferous basins are generally rich in feldspars. Feldspar dissolution has developed widely in clastic reservoirs, and the resulting secondary pores are crucial in deeply buried reservoirs. Based on a study of the diagenesis of clastic reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin, Tarim Basin, and Pearl River Mouth Basin and physical and numerical simulation experiments of fluid-rock interactions, this paper proposed a successive formation model of secondary pores via feldspar dissolution in deeply buried clastic reservoirs, considering the global research progresses in feldspar dissolution in clastic rocks. Feldspar dissolution can occur from shallow open systems to deep-ultra deep closed systems in petroliferous basins, resulting in the successive formation of secondary pores at different diagenetic stages. The successive mechanism includes three aspects. The first aspect is the succession of corrosive fluids that dissolve minerals. Meteoric freshwater dominates at the Earth’s surface and the early diagenetic A stage. Subsequently, organic acids and COformed via kerogen maturation dominate at the early diagenetic B stage to the middle diagenetic stage. COand organic acids formed via hydrocarbon oxidation in hydrocarbon reservoirs dominate at the middle diagenetic B stage to the late diagenetic stage. The second aspect is the successive formation processes of secondary pores via feldspar dissolution. Large-scale feldspar secondary pores identified in deep reservoirs include secondary pores formed at shallow-medium depths that are subsequently preserved into deep layers, as well as secondary pores formed at deep depths. Existing secondary pores in deeply buried reservoirs are the superposition of successively feldspar dissolution caused by different acids at different stages. The third aspect is a successive change in the feldspar alteration pathways and porosity enhancement/preservation effect. Open to semi-open diagenetic systems are developed from the Earth’s surface to the early diagenetic stage, and feldspar dissolution forms enhanced secondary pores. Nearly closed to closed diagenetic systems develop in the middle to late diagenetic stages, and feldspar dissolution forms redistributional secondary pores. The associated cementation causes compression resistance of the rock, which is favorable for the preservation of secondary pores in deep layers. These new insights extend the formation window of secondary pores in petroliferous basins from the traditional acid-oil generation window to a high-temperature gas generation window after hydrocarbon charging. The proposed model explains the genesis of deep-ultra deep high-quality reservoirs with low-permeability, medium-porosity and dominating feldspar secondary pores, which is significant for hydrocarbon exploration in deep to ultra-deep layers.

Gama-aminobutyric acid(GABA)alleviates hepatic inflammation via GABA receptors/TLR4/NF-kB pathways in growing-finishing pigs generated by super-multiparous sows

The offspring of super-multiparous sows face problems such as decreased growth performance,poor meat quality and even diseases in animal husbandry.Gama-aminobutyric acid(GABA)has long been known to promote growth and suppress inflammation,but little is known about the mechanisms.A total of 72 growing-finishing pigs from the 8th generation were randomly allotted to 2 groups with 6 replicates per treatment to receive a cornesoybean basal diet or the basal diet supplemented 20 mg/kg GABA for 60 d.After the animal-trial period,samples of serum and liver were collected for further analysis.Additionally,a lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammatory model using HepG2 cells was established to explore the role of GABA on regulating hepatic inflammation.The results indicated that inflammatory cell infiltration occurs in the liver of progeny of super-multiparous sows,and dietary supplementation with GABA influenced liver morphology,increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreased the expression abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor-α(TNFα)and interleukin(IL)-1β,in the liver of growing-finishing pigs(P<0.05).In addition,GABA supplementation increased mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g(PPARg)and GABA receptors(GABARs),and reduced the expression of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB)signaling(P<0.05).Additionally,an in vitro experiment demonstrated that GABA decreased the expressions of hepatic TLR4/NF-kB signaling via activating GABARs under LPS-stress(P<0.05).In summary,liver injury may affect the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs by changing hepatic mitochondrial metabolism,the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TLR4/NF-kB pathway and that GABA supplementation has a restorative effect by acting on GABARs.

Interactions between hydrocarbon-bearing fluids and calcite in fused silica capillary capsules and geological implications for deeply-buried hydrocarbon reservoirs

During the burial processes of deep/ultra-deep hydrocarbon reservoirs,the interactions between hydrocarbon-bearing fluids and reservoirs significantly affect the quality evolution of hydrocarbons and reservoirs;thus,this topic requires further investigation.In this study,the continuous evolution and the coupling mechanisms in various anhydrous and hydrous nC_(16)H_(34)-(water)-(calcite)systems in fused silica capillary capsules(FSCCs)were investigated using laser Raman spectroscopy,fluorescence color analysis,and fluorescence spectroscopy,and the mineral alterations were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The experimental results show that extensive organic-inorganic interactions occur in the systems if water is present,and different inorganic components have different effects on hydrocarbon degradation.Distilled water promotes freeradical thermal cracking and steps oxidation,forming more low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons,CO_(2),and organic acids(e.g.,acetic acids)but suppresses the free-radical cross-linking,generating less high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.However,in the presence of CaCl_(2) water,the yields of hydrocarbon gases are lower than in the distilled water system because high concentrations of Ca ions inhibit the generation of free radicals.Calcites,which exhibit different surface reactivities in different fluid conditions,affect hydrocarbon degradation in different ways.In the anhydrous nC16H34-calcite system,calcites promote the generation of both hydrocarbon gases and high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.In contrast,in the hydrous nC16H34-distilled(CaCl_(2))watercalcite system,calcites promote the generation of hydrocarbon gases and suppress the generation of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons.Calcite also reacts with organic acids via surface reactions to form secondary pores.Therefore,except for the formation temperature and pressure,organic-inorganic interactions are controlled by multiple factors,such as the water saturation,water type,water salinity,and the mineral content,resulting in different evolutions of the hydrocarbon degradation and reservoir properties.