Chitin oligosaccharides(CHOS),high-value-added oligomers linked by N-acetyl-d-glucosamine(GlcNAc,NAG),and a small amount of d-glucosamine(GlcN,GA),have aroused increasing interest due to their excellent biological pro...Chitin oligosaccharides(CHOS),high-value-added oligomers linked by N-acetyl-d-glucosamine(GlcNAc,NAG),and a small amount of d-glucosamine(GlcN,GA),have aroused increasing interest due to their excellent biological properties,including antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and immunoprotective activities,and intestinal regulation.The efficient production and utilization of CHOS with high performance can solve problems from chitin as biowaste.However,the large-scale production of well-defined CHOS has not been fully accomplished due to the limited biotechnology and separation methods,thus impeding the research on their biological functions as well as their accurate applications.In this review,we comprehensively summarize the current preparation methods of CHOS,including the chemical,physical,enzymatic and biosynthetic methods.The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed in terms of efficiency,economy,and environmental effects.Furthermore,the applications of CHOS in the food industry and their contributions to human health based on their excellent bioactivities are expounded.It is hoped that this review will help in providing new insights into the production of CHOS with high precision,and support the application of CHOS in serving the food industry as nutritional supplements or foods for special medical purposes.展开更多
Parameterized complexity is a multivariate theory for the analysis of computational problems. It leads to practically efficient algorithms for many NP-hard problems and also provides a much finer complexity classifica...Parameterized complexity is a multivariate theory for the analysis of computational problems. It leads to practically efficient algorithms for many NP-hard problems and also provides a much finer complexity classification for other intractable problems. Although the theory is mostly on decision problems, parameterized complexity naturally extends to counting problems as well. The purpose of this article is to survey a few aspects of parameterized counting complexity, with a particular emphasis on some general frameworks in which parameterized complexity proves to be indispensable.展开更多
Objective:As estimated in a report of global Alzheimer’s disease published by Alzheimer’s Disease International in 2015,there will be 9.9 million new patients worldwide with Alzheimer’s disease in 2015,with a new A...Objective:As estimated in a report of global Alzheimer’s disease published by Alzheimer’s Disease International in 2015,there will be 9.9 million new patients worldwide with Alzheimer’s disease in 2015,with a new Alzheimer’s patient diagnosed,on average,every 3 seconds.Since Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible disease,the most that can be done for Alzheimer’s patients is to merely delay the onset of disease,which to date cannot be completely cured.Therefore,even though great effort is put into caring for the patient,caregivers should not expect any substantial changes.The caring process is a dynamic process that contains negative and positive experiences.During the caring period,not only do caregivers spend a lot of effort and work very hard to help the patient,but in fact care recipients themselves also give energy to caregivers.This study attempts to take a positive energy viewpoint to explore and design a program that is suitable for Alzheimer’s caregivers.The aims of the study were as follows:(a)to explore the needs and burdens of Alzheimer’s caregivers in the treatment process of patients,(b)to design a program that meets the needs of the caregivers,and(c)to evaluate the effects of implementing a program.Methods:The study is a qualitative study employing in‐depth interviews.Interviews were conducted from September 2015 to December 2015;the interview results were reviewed and a positive energy group program was designed.Pre‐test and post‐test interviews were carried out for the program so as to evaluate the effects of the program.Results:According to the caregiver interview results,we understand the caring needs and caring process of caregivers.From the interview results,we now know that caregivers’continuous care mainly comes from positive energy in psychological,social and relationship aspects.Positive energy seems to have been affecting caregivers’caring ability and willingness.Therefore,a two‐stage group activity program was designed to provide a recollective handmade craft group and an art therapy group.Research results of the study show that when the main caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients took part in group activities,positive energy in social and relationship aspects increased for the caregiver group too.Conclusions:From these intervention programs caregivers could obtain more knowledge of patient care and these activities could effectively lighten caregivers’burdens.展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD0901805)the 111 Project(B18022),the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the Open Project Funding of the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering,ECUST(ZDXM2019)Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism(Shanghai Municipal Education Commission).
文摘Chitin oligosaccharides(CHOS),high-value-added oligomers linked by N-acetyl-d-glucosamine(GlcNAc,NAG),and a small amount of d-glucosamine(GlcN,GA),have aroused increasing interest due to their excellent biological properties,including antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and immunoprotective activities,and intestinal regulation.The efficient production and utilization of CHOS with high performance can solve problems from chitin as biowaste.However,the large-scale production of well-defined CHOS has not been fully accomplished due to the limited biotechnology and separation methods,thus impeding the research on their biological functions as well as their accurate applications.In this review,we comprehensively summarize the current preparation methods of CHOS,including the chemical,physical,enzymatic and biosynthetic methods.The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed in terms of efficiency,economy,and environmental effects.Furthermore,the applications of CHOS in the food industry and their contributions to human health based on their excellent bioactivities are expounded.It is hoped that this review will help in providing new insights into the production of CHOS with high precision,and support the application of CHOS in serving the food industry as nutritional supplements or foods for special medical purposes.
文摘Parameterized complexity is a multivariate theory for the analysis of computational problems. It leads to practically efficient algorithms for many NP-hard problems and also provides a much finer complexity classification for other intractable problems. Although the theory is mostly on decision problems, parameterized complexity naturally extends to counting problems as well. The purpose of this article is to survey a few aspects of parameterized counting complexity, with a particular emphasis on some general frameworks in which parameterized complexity proves to be indispensable.
文摘Objective:As estimated in a report of global Alzheimer’s disease published by Alzheimer’s Disease International in 2015,there will be 9.9 million new patients worldwide with Alzheimer’s disease in 2015,with a new Alzheimer’s patient diagnosed,on average,every 3 seconds.Since Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible disease,the most that can be done for Alzheimer’s patients is to merely delay the onset of disease,which to date cannot be completely cured.Therefore,even though great effort is put into caring for the patient,caregivers should not expect any substantial changes.The caring process is a dynamic process that contains negative and positive experiences.During the caring period,not only do caregivers spend a lot of effort and work very hard to help the patient,but in fact care recipients themselves also give energy to caregivers.This study attempts to take a positive energy viewpoint to explore and design a program that is suitable for Alzheimer’s caregivers.The aims of the study were as follows:(a)to explore the needs and burdens of Alzheimer’s caregivers in the treatment process of patients,(b)to design a program that meets the needs of the caregivers,and(c)to evaluate the effects of implementing a program.Methods:The study is a qualitative study employing in‐depth interviews.Interviews were conducted from September 2015 to December 2015;the interview results were reviewed and a positive energy group program was designed.Pre‐test and post‐test interviews were carried out for the program so as to evaluate the effects of the program.Results:According to the caregiver interview results,we understand the caring needs and caring process of caregivers.From the interview results,we now know that caregivers’continuous care mainly comes from positive energy in psychological,social and relationship aspects.Positive energy seems to have been affecting caregivers’caring ability and willingness.Therefore,a two‐stage group activity program was designed to provide a recollective handmade craft group and an art therapy group.Research results of the study show that when the main caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients took part in group activities,positive energy in social and relationship aspects increased for the caregiver group too.Conclusions:From these intervention programs caregivers could obtain more knowledge of patient care and these activities could effectively lighten caregivers’burdens.
