Functional characterization of the NF-kB binding site in the human NOD2 promoter

Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2(NOD2),a member of the NOD protein family,plays an important role in innate immunity.In response to pathogen attack,NOD2 stimulates cytokine and defensin production by activating nuclear factor(NF)-kB,a key transcription factor responsible for mediating downstream reactions.However,the mechanism linking NOD2 regulation and NF-kB activation is poorly understood.Using bioinformatics,we found a completely preserved canonical NF-kB binding site in the NOD2 core promoter(216 to 225 bp)in both humans and chimpanzees.The functional role of this NF-kB binding site was investigated using the enhanced green fluorescent protein(EGFP)reporter system,site-directed mutagenesis,the NF-kB activation inhibitor(JSH-23)and the chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)assay.The results show that the NF-kB binding site is critical for regulation of the NOD2 gene.Either deletion of the NF-kB binding elements within the NOD2 promoter or treatment with an NF-kB activation inhibitor could lead to a significant loss of NOD2 promoter activity as detected by reporter gene assay.The canonical NF-kB binding site was bound by NF-kB as determined by the ChIP method.Based on these results,we suggest a positive feedback regulation between NF-kB and NOD2,which may represent an efficient mechanism in response to pathogen invasion.

Care Bundles:Enhanced Recovery After Delivery

The care of obstetrics patients has improved dramatically over the past few decades.Unfortunately,rates of cesarean section remain high,and decreasing this rate requires close care and follow-up in the prenatal outpatient setting.Counseling regarding cesarean delivery and vaginal delivery is imperative.Opportunities still exist in helping patients objectively weigh the decision for cesarean delivery versus vaginal delivery.Additional developments have occurred in the intrapartum and the postpartum setting,with an aim to improve patient and neonatal outcomes.Changes have been implemented for patients undergoing cesarean delivery including preoperative and intraoperative treatment of pain,nausea,and vomiting,as well as postoperative care bundles that improve patient outcomes.Innovations have also occurred in the care of postpartum patients after vaginal delivery,again with improvements in patient outcomes.This article summarizes the current evidence,provides care recommendations,and identifies the next steps in improving obstetrics care.

从机会公平走向发展公平——疫情之下我国中小学大规模在线教育的城乡对比分析

面对突发的新冠疫情,2020年上半年我国基础教育全面进入"停课不停学"的在线教育模式。作为本次抗击疫情的应急之举,在线教学在实施中经历了各方考验。本研究面向全国32个省份地区基础教育各学段的学生、教师及教育管理者进行问卷抽样调查,随机发放了42万余份调研问卷,从政策实施、教学组织、学习体验等方面综合了解疫情期间在线教学的实施现状,并从教育均衡的视角对城乡学校应对情况展开对比。结果显示,各地区学校都已基本具备了教育资源公共服务平台等在线教学条件,保障了此次在线教学的顺利开展。但此次疫情危机中学校在个性化决策和教学创新方面普遍存在欠缺,乡村学校在资源获取、在线教学经验以及配套支持上存在不足,城乡学生在学习兴趣与效果、信息技术素养、心理健康程度上差异显著,城乡教师在信息化教学能力上差距较大。基于本次大规模在线教学的开展经验,深入剖析现存教育问题,本文尝试从资源建设、配置优化、智能时代教师与学习公民塑造等角度为未来教育信息化发展提供政策建议。

中小学教师数据素养培养模式及其应用研究

随着大数据技术与教育教学领域的深度融合,数据驱动教学成为时代所趋。作为应对教学范式从基于经验向基于证据转变的趋势,教师是否具备良好的数据素养成为教学数据能否转化为有意义教学决策的关键。教师研修作为培养教师数据素养的重要途径,在以往的实践过程中存在教师合作参与效果不佳、自身认知负荷较大、新旧教学理念和教学行为存在认知冲突等问题,而调节学习理论通过对自我和集体进行教学干预可以有效提升协作学习效果。因此,本研究基于调节学习理论,设计自我调节和共享调节作为学习支架,采用项目式协作学习,构建出新型教师数据素养培养模式。通过对20名参与数据素养培训项目的中小学信息技术教师的实证研究发现:在调节学习视域下中小学教师数据素养培养模式可以有效促进教师数据素养发展,调节支架能够对数据聚合和数据推理这两项高阶技能产生积极效用,并且不同支架间存在协同作用,相互促进。该结论对今后培养教师数据素养具有一定的参考价值。

多元评价视域下STEM课堂教学特征与互动模式分析

STEM课堂作为STEM教育价值实现的载体,是培养综合型人才的重要手段。由于从教学理念到实践模式均区别于传统课堂,STEM课堂的整合型跨学科特征使得其在实践过程中对教师的教学行为提出了新的挑战。本研究以来自不同省市和地区的18节STEM课堂实录视频为研究对象,采用基于RTOP量规的整体性评价与基于弗兰德斯编码的过程性评价相结合的多元评价方式,对课堂的教学实施特征及互动模式进行深入分析,以提炼出优质课堂的实践模式。研究发现:优质课堂中的教师在观念指向上体现了以学生为中心的理念,采用了培养多元创新思维的教学策略,注重师生课堂话语交互表征的有效性,以及营造积极的情绪氛围,具备一定的学习成效证据意识。上述结论为当前STEM课堂在教学实践的改进上提供了一定的借鉴意义。