Progress in the preparation,identification and biological activity of walnut peptides

Walnuts are rich in protein and are a high-quality plant protein resource.In recent years,with the growth of consumer demand for functional food and food for special medical purpose,the use of walnut protein for the preparation of functional walnut peptide ingredients or additives and other compositions has received increasing attention.However,the improvement of the yield of walnut peptides and the clarification of their functional activities are the bottlenecks that limit the development of these peptides.To this end,this article reviews the pretreatment,preparation,purification and identification processes of walnut peptides,as well as their biological activities such as antioxidant activity,antitumour activity,improvement of memory,antihypertension and regulation of metabolic disorders are elaborated to provide a reference for the industrial development of walnut peptides.

No tillage outperforms conventional tillage under arid conditions and following fertilization

Reduced tillage practices present a tool that could sustainably intensify agriculture.The existing literature,however,lacks a consensus on how and when reduced tillage practices should get implemented.We reanalyzed here an extensive dataset comparing how regular tillage practices(i.e.,conventional tillage)impacted yield of eight crops compared to stopping tillage altogether(i.e.,no-tillage practice).We observed that aridity and fertilization favored no tillage over conventional tillage whereas conventional tillage performed better under high fertility settings.We further show that the responses are consistent across the crops.Our reanalysis complements the original and fills a gap in the literature questioning the conditions under which reducing tillage presents a viable alternative to common tillage practices.

Effect of raspberry extract on wound healing

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of raspberry extract on wound healing and compare it with that of ellagic acid.The elimination of excess free radicals was the key to preventing wound inflammation;cellular antioxidation activity was evaluated using an oxidative stress damage cell model.Cell proliferation ability was measured using the WST1 assay,and the migration capacity was determined using the wound scratch assay.A mouse wound model was used to verify the effect of raspberry extract on wound healing.The cellular antioxidant activity of the extract((50.31±3.17)pg/mL)was slightly lower than that of ellagic acid((44.59±2.38)pg/mL).The results of a cell proliferation assay showed that both raspberry extract and ellagic acid at 5μg/mL could significantly(P<0.01)promote the proliferation of HaCaT cells.After culturing for 24 h and 48 h,the cell healing rates of the extract were(41.11±0.38)per cent and(68.88±2.51)per cent,respectively,whereas the corresponding rates of ellagic acid were(39.01±2.40)per cent and(70.33±0.89)per cent;hence,there were no significant differences between them(P>0.05).The wound areas of mice fed low,medium,and high doses of raspberry extract for 14 days were 1.66,1.41,and 1.24 mm2,respectively,which were sign讦icantly lower than that of the blank control group,2.18 mm2(F<0.05).These findings indicate that raspberry extract and ellagic acid exhibit similar antioxidant capacities and equivalent cell proliferation-promoting capabilities.In the mouse test,raspberry extract effectively promoted a reduction in wound area.This work demonstrates the potential of raspberry extract in wound healing,suggesting a promising application of raspberry resources in the fields of functional foods,cosmetics,and medicine.