崇左和防城港两地的台风韦帕(201907)降雨雨滴谱对比分析

利用崇左国家气象观测站、防城国家基准气候站的雨滴谱观测数据,结合观测站雨量数据及雷达观测资料,分析2019年8月2~3日台风“韦帕”影响期间内陆背风侧(LSI)、近海岸迎风侧(WSC)不同降水阶段的雨滴谱结构特征及其差异。结果显示,台风“韦帕”降雨以中、小雨滴贡献为主,尤其中雨滴贡献率稳定在70%以上。LSI处以层状云降水为主,雨强相对平缓,WSC处表现为积层混合云降水,雨强较大且波动剧烈。因强烈的对流上升运动导致WSC的雨滴数浓度、雨滴直径明显大于LSI。LSI处在台风登陆后雨势增强的最主要因素是雨滴直径增大,WSC处由台风眼墙转变为强对流螺旋雨带影响后其雨势增强则主要是由于雨滴数浓度增加。台风“韦帕”对流降水的质量加权平均直径均值为1.85 mm,对数标准化数浓度均值为3.95 mm^(-1)m^(-3);LSI处对流降水位于海洋性对流区域内,而WSC处则介于海洋性和大陆性对流之间。

Effective anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds from dandelion:identification and mechanistic insights using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS,fluorescence quenching and anisotropy,molecular docking and dynamics simulation

This novel study identifi es the effective anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds in dandelion and provides mechanistic insights into their interactions with receptor proteins(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4;co-receptor myeloid differentiation protein-2,MD-2)using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS,lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cell line,fluorescence quenching and anisotropy,molecular docking(single ligand and multi-ligand docking)and molecular dynamics simulation.A 50%aqueous methanol extract had a greater anti-inflammatory effect and higher chicoric acid content,compared with the 100%water and 100%methanol extracts.Chicoric acid,chlorogenic acid,methylophiopogonone A,caffeic acid,gallic acid monohydrate and 4’-O-demethylbroussonin A had relatively high binding energies and contents in all extracts.Chicoric acid competed with chlorogenic acid,4’-O-demethylbroussonin A and quercetin for MD-2.Among dandelion’s phenolics,chicoric acid most effectively hindered TLR4-MD-2 complex formation,with a quenching constant of 0.62×10^(6) L/mol for MD-2 or TLR4 at 320 K,and binding energies of-6.87 and-5.97 kcal/mol,respectively,for MD-2 and TLR4.

Discrimination capacity analysis of FTIR-PCA and EEM-PARAFAC on dandelion tissues extracts

Dandelion root contains triterpenoids,polyphenols and flavonoids,dandelion leaf is rich in polyphenols,flavonoids,flavonoids glycosides,and dandelion flower mainly contains flavonoids,among other substances.These different substance content leads to specific benefits and function effects of each part.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and related multivariate statistical methods are widely used to determine sample characteristics,but limited research focuses on the substance difference and characteristics in dandelion tissues.In this paper,Fourier transform infrared spectra-principal component analysis and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor analysis were conveyed to analyze dandelion stem,leaf,root and flower tissue extracts,for determining the substance species and content difference among dandelion tissues and evaluating the discrimination capacity of these analysis methods.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of root was distinct from others,and the two principal component models could distinguish dandelion stem and flower,but failed to differentiate leaf and root;while the excitation and emission matrix showed that stem and flower,leaf and root had similar intensity band distribution but different fluorescence intensity,and the parallel factor analysis results proved that one-and threecomponent models cannot differentiate the tissues of stem and flower,leaf and root,since the fluorescent compounds(polyphenol,flavonoid etc.)structure and content were similar in different tissues.These results indicated that Fourier transform infrared-principal component analysis might be a useful method when various fluorescent compounds exist.

Northward Shift in Landfall Locations of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific during the Last Four Decades

This study analyzes landfall locations of tropical cyclones(TCs)over the western North Pacific during 1979–2018.Results demonstrate that the landfall locations of TCs over this region have shifted northward during the last four decades,primarily due to the shift of landfalling TC tracks,with the decreasing/increasing proportion of westward/northward TC tracks.In particular,the northward shift of the landfalling TCs was not related to their formation locations,which have not markedly changed,whereas"no-landed"TCs have significantly shifted northward.TC movement was significantly and positively correlated to the zonal component of the steering flow,while the correlation between TC movement and the meridional component of the steering flow was relatively unobvious.The westward steering flow in the tropical central Pacific that occurred around the formation and early development of the westward TCs was significantly weakened,which was unfavorable for their westward movement,thereby,causing the higher proportions of northward moving tracks.This weakened westward flow was related to the northward shift of the subtropical high ridge,which was caused by significant weakening of the southern part of the subtropical high.The vertical wind shear,sea surface temperature,and convective available potential energy also showed that the northern region of the western North Pacific became more favorable for TC development,whereas the upper divergence,low-layer relative vorticity,and accumulated water vapor content were not obviously related to the northward shift of TCs.

Satellite Observations of Reflectivity Maxima above the Freezing Level Induced by Terrain

Previous studies have recognized reflectivity maxima above the freezing level(RMAF) within stratiform precipitation over mountain slopes, however, quantitative studies are limited due to the lack of adequate identification criteria. Here, we establish an identification method for RMAF precipitation and apply it to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Precipitation Radar(PR) observations. Using the TRMM 2A25 product from 1998 to 2013, we show that the RMAF structure in reflectivity profiles can be effectively identified. RMAF exists not only in stratiform precipitation but also in convective precipitation. RMAF frequency is positively correlated with elevation, which is thought to be caused by enhanced updrafts in the middle layers of stratiform precipitation, or in the low to middle layers of convective precipitation over mountains. The average RMAF heights in stratiform and convective precipitation were 1.35 and 2.01 km above the freezing level, respectively, which is lower than previous results. In addition, our results indicate that the RMAF structure increased the echo top height and enhanced precipitation processes above the RMAF height, but it suppressed the downward propagation of ice particles and the near-surface rain rate. Future studies of orographic precipitation should take into account the impact of the RMAF structure and its relevant dynamic triggers.

Morphological Characteristics of Precipitation Areas over the Tibetan Plateau Measured by TRMM PR

The multidimensional morphological characteristics(including scale, horizontal shape and 3 D morphology) of precipitation areas over the Tibetan Plateau in summer were studied using 15 years(1998–2012) of observational data from the precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. As the scale of the precipitation area increased from 20 to 150 km, the near-surface rain rate(RRav) of the precipitation area increased by up to 78%(from ~1.12 to ~2 mm h~(-1)). Linear precipitation areas had the lowest median RRav(~1 mm h~(-1) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau),whereas square-shaped precipitation areas had the highest median RRav(~1.58 mm h~(-1) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau).The 3D morphology was defined as the ratio of the average vertical scale to the average horizontal scale, where a large value corresponds to thin and tall, and a small value corresponds to plump and short. Thin-and-tall precipitation areas and plump-and-short precipitation areas had a greater median RRav, whereas the precipitation areas with a moderate 3D morphology had the lowest median RRav. The vertical structure of the precipitation-area reflectivity was sensitive to both size and 3D morphology, but was not sensitive to the horizontal shape. The relationship between RRav and the morphological characteristics was most significant over the southern slopes of the Tanggula Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau east of 100°E. The morphological characteristics of precipitation areas are therefore closely related to the intensity of precipitation and could potentially be used to forecast precipitation and verify numerical models.

Fundamental Characteristics of Tropical Rain Cell Structures as Measured by TRMM PR

Rain cells are the most elementary unit of precipitation system in nature.In this study,fundamental geometric and physical characteristics of rain cells over tropical land and ocean areas are investigated by using 15-yr measurements of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Precipitation Radar(PR).The rain cells are identified with a minimum bounding rectangle(MBR)method.The results indicate that about 50%of rain cells occur at length of about 20 km and width of 15 km.The proportion of rain cells with length>200 km and width>100 km is less than1%.There is a a log-linear relationship between the mean length and width of rain cells.Usually,for the same horizontal geometric parameters,rain cells tend to be square horizontally and lanky vertically over land,while vertically squatty over ocean.The rainfall intensity of rain cells varies from 0.4 to 10 mm h-1 over land to 0.4–8 mm h-1 over ocean.Statistical results indicate that the occurrence frequency of rain cells decreases as the areal fraction of convective precipitation in rain cells increases,while such frequency remains almost invariant when the areal fraction of stratiform precipitation varies from 10%to 80%.The relationship between physical and geometric parameters of rain cells shows that the mean rain rate of rain cells is more frequently associated with the increase of their area,with the increasing rate over land greater than that over ocean.The results also illustrate that heavy convective rain rate prefers to occur in larger rain cells over land while heavy stratiform rain rate tends to appear in larger rain cells over ocean.For the same size of rain cells,the areal fraction and the contribution of convective precipitation are about10%–15%higher over land than over ocean.