Novel insights into immune-related genes associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus-related cognitive impairment

BACKGROUND The cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a multifaceted and advancing state that requires further exploration to fully comprehend.Neu-roinflammation is considered to be one of the main mechanisms and the immune system has played a vital role in the progression of the disease.AIM To identify and validate the immune-related genes in the hippocampus associated with T2DM-related cognitive impairment.METHODS To identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between T2DM and controls,we used data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database GSE125387.To identify T2DM module genes,we used Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis.All the genes were subject to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis.Protein-protein interaction network construction and machine learning were utilized to identify three hub genes.Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed.The three hub genes were validated in GSE152539 via receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.Validation experiments including reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR,Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were conducted both in vivo and in vitro.To identify potential drugs associated with hub genes,we used the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(CTD).RESULTS A total of 576 DEGs were identified using GSE125387.By taking the intersection of DEGs,T2DM module genes,and immune-related genes,a total of 59 genes associated with the immune system were identified.Afterward,machine learning was utilized to identify three hub genes(H2-T24,Rac3,and Tfrc).The hub genes were associated with a variety of immune cells.The three hub genes were validated in GSE152539.Validation experiments were conducted at the mRNA and protein levels both in vivo and in vitro,consistent with the bioinformatics analysis.Additionally,11 potential drugs associated with RAC3 and TFRC were identified based on the CTD.CONCLUSION Immune-related genes that differ in expression in the hippocampus are closely linked to microglia.We validated the expression of three hub genes both in vivo and in vitro,consistent with our bioinformatics results.We discovered 11 compounds associated with RAC3 and TFRC.These findings suggest that they are co-regulatory molecules of immunometabolism in diabetic cognitive impairment.

FasL抑制剂对大鼠角膜移植术后角膜细胞凋亡及Treg的影响

目的:探索大鼠角膜移植术后玻璃体腔内注射FasL抑制剂对角膜细胞凋亡,角膜Fas、FasL表达,全血和颈部淋巴结中Treg数量及排斥反应指数的影响。方法:将24只SD大鼠24眼行穿透性角膜移植术,术后随机分为玻璃体腔内注射PBS组(12只12眼)、FasL抑制剂组(12只12眼),每周记录角膜排斥反应指数,术后1、3、5wk取全血、颈部淋巴结检测Treg数量,取角膜组织测Fas、FasL表达及凋亡细胞数量。结果:FasL抑制剂组角膜Fas、FasL表达较PBS组明显下降(均P<0.05);FasL抑制剂组角膜细胞凋亡较PBS组明显减少,FasL抑制剂组术后5wk凋亡最少;术后3wk开始FasL抑制剂组Treg数量较PBS组明显升高(均P<0.05),FasL抑制剂组角膜移植排斥反应评分明显低于PBS组(均P<0.05)。结论:大鼠角膜移植术后玻璃体腔内注射FasL抑制剂可减少角膜各层细胞凋亡,增加全血、颈部淋巴结中Treg的数量,减轻排斥反应。

阿利西尤单抗治疗高胆固醇血症的快速卫生技术评估

目的运用快速卫生技术评估(rHTA)方法,评价阿利西尤单抗治疗高胆固醇血症的有效性、安全性和经济性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、CNKI、WanFang Data以及HTA相关网站,搜集关于阿利西尤单抗治疗高胆固醇血症的HTA报告、系统评价/Meta分析和药物经济学研究,检索时限均从建库至2022年8月14日。由2名评价者独立筛选文献、提取数据结果并评价纳入文献的质量,对结果进行定性描述与分析。结果共纳入文献38篇,其中系统评价/Meta分析28篇,经济学研究7篇,HTA报告3篇。有效性研究显示,与安慰剂或其他降脂治疗相比,阿利西尤单抗能降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、脂蛋白a、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、载脂蛋白B、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白A1水平,降低主要心血管不良事件、全因死亡、脑血管事件和不稳定心绞痛风险,但未降低心血管死亡、心肌梗死和冠脉血运重建风险。安全性研究显示,与安慰剂或其他降脂治疗相比,除注射部位不良反应外,阿利西尤单抗未增加其他不良反应风险。经济性研究显示,阿利西尤单抗治疗冠心病三支病变以及LDL-C≥2.59 mmol·L^(-1)的急性冠脉综合征患者的高胆固醇血症具有经济性。结论阿利西尤单抗治疗高胆固醇血症有效性和安全性较好,多支病变或LDL-C基础水平较高的冠心病患者使用阿利西尤单抗治疗高胆固醇血症更具有经济性。

Motor neuron-specific RhoA knockout delays degeneration and promotes regeneration of dendrites in spinal ventral horn after brachial plexus injury

Dendrites play irreplaceable roles in the nerve conduction pathway and are vulnerable to various insults.Peripheral axotomy of motor neurons results in the retraction of dendritic arbors,and the dendritic arbor can be re-expanded when reinnervation is allowed.RhoA is a target that regulates the cytoskeleton and promotes neuronal survival and axon regeneration.However,the role of RhoA in dendrite degeneration and regeneration is unknown.In this study,we explored the potential role of RhoA in dendrites.A line of motor neuronal conditional knockout mice was developed by crossbreeding HB9~(Cre+)mice with RhoA~(flox/flox)mice.We established two models for assaying dendrite degeneration and regeneration,in which the brachial plexus was transection or crush injured,respectively.We found that at 28 days after brachial plexus transection,the density,complexity,and structural integrity of dendrites in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of RhoA conditional knockout mice were slightly decreased compared with that in Cre mice.Dendrites underwent degeneration at 7 and 14 days after brachial plexus transection and recovered at 28–56 days.The density,complexity,and structural integrity of dendrites in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of RhoA conditional knockout mice recovered compared with results in Cre mice.These findings suggest that RhoA knockout in motor neurons attenuates dendrite degeneration and promotes dendrite regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.

Application of Flipped Classroom Teaching Model Based on Micro-Course in Practical Training Teaching of Contact Lens Fitting Technology

Objective:This paper aims to study the application of flipped classroom teaching model based on micro-course in the practical training teaching of contact lens fitting technology.Methods:From September 21 to July 23,120 students majoring in ophthalmology and optometry were selected and randomly divided into groups.The control group adopted the traditional teaching mode,and the study group adopted the flipped classroom teaching mode based on micro-course.Teaching scores and the skills,observation and judgment,adaptability,and communication skills were compared between the groups.Results:Statistical comparison of teaching scores under different management methods showed that the clinical thinking score and practice work quality in the study group were higher than those of the control group,and the effect of the study group was better(P<0.05).The overall scores of skills,observation and judgment,adaptability,and communication skills of the study group were better than those in the control group,and the comprehensive ability scores in the two groups were significantly different(P<0.05).Conclusion:In practical training teaching of contact lens fitting technology,the application of flipped classroom teaching based on micro-course can improve the skill scores of personnel,and the overall effect is good.This can lay the foundation for advanced ophthalmology and optometry talents with profound theoretical knowledge and professional skills.

DCD角膜移植术后角膜内皮细胞与排斥反应的相关性分析

目的:探讨心脏死亡供体器官捐献(donation after cardiac death,DCD)来源角膜植片术后排斥反应与角膜内皮细胞的相关性。方法:用角膜内皮显微镜对心脏死亡供体来源角膜植片行穿透性角膜移植术后发生排斥反应的28例28眼角膜植片分别于术后<1、2~3、4~6、7~12mo行角膜内皮镜检查。结果:28例患者术后<1、2~3、4~6、7~12mo的角膜内皮细胞变异系数分别为38.23%、49.56%、57.18%、65.04%;角膜内皮细胞密度分别为2071.15±311.47、1771.33±348.18、1626.59±353.92、1553.14±307.31个/mm2;角膜内皮细胞变异系数与排斥反应呈正相关关系(r=0.95,P<0.05);术后角膜内皮细胞密度与排斥反应呈负相关关系(r=-0.93,P<0.05)。结论:DCD穿透性角膜移植术后发生排斥反应时有角膜内皮细胞变异系数逐步增高,角膜内皮细胞密度逐步降低的趋势;角膜内皮细胞变异系数、角膜内皮细胞密度可作为早期检测术后排斥反应的指标。

Association of Various Anthropometric Indices with Sudomotor Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Aim: To investigate the relationship between sudomotor dysfunction and various body composition analysis indices in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: Between January 2016 and April 2021, 136 diabetic participants who had undergone body composition analysis (BCA) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Sudomotor functions were assessed using SUDOSCAN, and participants were grouped into patients with normal (Group 1, n = 51), mildly reduced (Group 2, n = 46) and severely reduced (Group 3, n = 39) foot electrochemical skin conductance (FESC) levels. Results: The mean age was 60.4 ± 10.1 years, median diabetes duration was 12 (6 - 19) years, and 52.2% of participants were males. Among BCA parameters, the significant differences were found in total fat (TF) (p = 0.023), percentage of TF (%TF) (p = 0.025), percentage of android fat (%AF) (p = 0.048), fat mass (FM) in arms (p = 0.016), FM in legs (p = 0.002), appendicular fat mass (aFM) (p = 0.002), appendicular fat mass/body mass index (aFM/BMI) ratio (p = 0.009) between three groups. In Spearman correlation analysis, FESC was correlated with RBC, ESR and homocysteine (r = 0.171, r = &#8722;0.190, r = &#8722;0.192, p β =0.161, 0.155, 0.165, 0.185, p Conclusion: The progressive decline of sudomotor function is positively associated with loss of subcutaneous fat in arms and legs, suggesting that subcutaneous fat of extremities may be necessary to prevent DPN progression in type 2 diabetic patients.

Comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan signaling pathway characteristics in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis

AIM: To study differences in the visceral sensitivity of the colonic mucosa between patients with diarrheapredominant irritable bowel syndrome(IBS-D) and those with ulcerative colitis(UC) in remission and to relate these differences with changes in the 5-hydroxytryptophan(5-HT) signaling pathway. METHODS: Gastrointestinal symptoms were used to determine the clinical symptom scores and rectal visceral sensitivity of patients with IBS-D and patients with UC in remission. Blood levels of 5-HT and5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA) were measured using an HPLC-electrochemical detection system. The levels of 5-HT 3 receptor(3R), 4R, and 7R m RNAs in colonic biopsy samples were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of TPH1 was analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: Abdominal pain or discomfort, stool frequency, and the scores of these symptoms in combination with gastrointestinal symptoms were higher in the IBS-D and UC groups than in the control groups. However, no significant differences were observed between the IBS-D and UC remission groups. With respect to rectal visceral sensitivity, the UC remission and IBS-D groups showed a decrease in the initial perception threshold, defecating threshold and pain threshold. However, these groups exhibited significantly increased anorectal relaxation pressure. Tests examining the main indicators of the 5-HT signaling pathway showed that the plasma 5-HT levels, 5-HIAA concentrations, TPH1 expression in the colonic mucosa, and 5-HT3 R and 5-HT5 R expression were increased in both the IBS-D and the UC remission groups; no increases were observed with respect to 5-HT7 R expression.CONCLUSION: The IBS-D and UC groups showed similar clinical symptom scores, visceral sensitivity, and levels of serotonin signaling pathway indicators in the plasma and colonic mucosa. However, the pain threshold and 5-HT7 R expression in the colonic mucosa were significantly different between these groups. The results reveal that(1) IBS-D and UC are related to visceral sensitivity pathogenesis and the clinical manifestations of these conditions and(2) the observed differences in visceral hypersensitivity are possibly due to differences in levels of the 5-HT7 receptor, a component of the 5-HT signaling pathway.

Effects of baicalin in CD4 + CD29 + T cell subsets of ulcerative colitis patients

AIM:To evaluate the role of baicalin in ulcerative colitis(UC) with regard to the CD4+CD29+ T helper cell,its surface markers and serum inflammatory cytokines.METHODS:Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentage of CD4+CD29+ cells in patients with UC.Real time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect expression of GATA-3,forkhead box P3,T-box expressed in T cells(T-bet),and retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear hormone receptor C(RORC).Western blotting was used to analyze expression of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) p65,phosphorylation of NF-κB(p-NF-κB) p65,STAT4,p-STAT4,STAT6 and p-STAT6.The concentrations of interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-10 and TGF-β in serum were determined by ELISA assay.RESULTS:The percentages of CD4+CD29+ T cells were lower in treatment with 40 and 20 μmol/L baicalin than in the treatment of no baicalin.Treatment with 40 or 20 μmol/L baicalin significantly upregulated expression of IL-4,TGF-β1 and IL-10,increased p-STAT6/STAT6 ratio,but downregulated expression of IFN-γ,IL-5,IL-6,RORC,Foxp3 and T-bet,and decreased ratios of T-bet/GATA-3,p-STAT4/STAT4 and p-NF-κB/NF-κB compared to the treatment of no baicalin.CONCLUSION:The results indicate that baicalin regulates immune balance and relieves the ulcerative colitis-induced inflammation reaction by promoting proliferation of CD4+CD29+ cells and modulating immunosuppressive pathways.

硅、铈、锑和锡对块状石墨形成的影响

用电解铁,高纯硅,石墨,纯铈,锑和锡制成含有不同硅、铈、锑和锡含量,且C%+1/3Si%=4.45%的13种母合金。每种合金用高纯度氧化铝坩埚在1 450℃,氩气保护下的电炉中重熔,然后在30 K/min速率下冷却,获得冷却曲线。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察它们的石墨形貌。为了讨论硅和铈含量对块状石墨形成的影响,进行了试验。在第一个试验中,变化了0.15%硅铈合金中的硅含量从0到4%;在第二个试验中,使用了含有0.1%和0.2%不同铈量的3.5%和4%硅的试样。在第三个试验中,使用了含铈0.1%,含硅4%的试样,研究了锑和锡对块状石墨形成的影响。试验结果表明,硅含量大于3.0%,块状石墨的体积分数会增加。随后讨论了不同含量的硅和铈对块状石墨形成的影响。不能确定3.5%和4.0%的硅量差对块状石墨形成的差别,证实了含有0.2%铈的样品中块状石墨的体积分数大于0.1%铈的试样。由于高硅含量,还不能确定锑和锡的加入对防止块状石墨形成的作用,还需要做进一步的研究。

MicroRNA-320a suppresses tumor progression by targeting PBX3 in gastric cancer and is downregulated by DNA methylation

BACKGROUND Ectopic expression of miRNAs promotes tumor development and progression.miRNA(miR)-320a is downregulated in many cancers,including gastric cancer(GC).However,the mechanism underlying its downregulation and the role of miR-320a in GC are unknown.AIM To determine expression and biological functions of miR-320a in GC and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms.METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to determine expression of miR-320a in GC cell lines and tissues.TargetScanHuman7.1,miRDB,and microRNA.org were used to predict the possible targets of miR-320a,and a dual luciferase assay was used to confirm the findings.Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 3(PBX3)in GC cells and tissue samples.Cell Counting Kit-8 proliferation,Transwell,wound healing,and apoptosis assays were performed to analyze the biological functions of miR-320a in GC cells.Methylation-specific PCR was used to analyze the methylation level of the miR-320a promoter CpG islands.5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine(5-Aza-CdR)and trichostatin A(TSA)were used to treat GC cells.RESULTS miR-320a expression was lower in GC cell lines and tissues than in the normal gastric mucosa cell line GES-1 and matched adjacent normal tissues.miR-320a overexpression suppressed GC cell proliferation,invasion and migration,and induced apoptosis.PBX3 was a target of miR-320a in GC.The methylation level of the miR-320a promoter CpG islands was elevated and this was partly reversed by 5-Aza-CdR and TSA.CONCLUSION miR-320a acts as a tumor suppressor and inhibits malignant behavior of GC cells,partly by targeting PBX3.DNA methylation is an important mechanism associated with low expression of miR-320a.

Design of wide-range energy material beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

We report the design of a wide-range energy material beamline(E-line) with multiple experimental techniques at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.The undulators consisted of an elliptically polarizing undulator and in-vacuum undulator that generate the soft and hard X-rays, respectively. The beamline covered a wide energy range from 130 to 18 ke V with both a high photon flux([ 10^(12) phs/s with exit silt 30 lm in soft X-ray and [ 5 9 10^(12) phs/s in hard X-ray within 0.1%BW bandwidth) and promising resolving power(maximum E/DE [ 15,000 in soft X-ray with exit silt 30 lm and [6000 in hard X-ray). Moreover, the beam spots from the soft and hard X-rays were focused to the same sample position with a high overlap ratio, so that the surfaces, interfaces, and bulk properties were characterized in situ by changing the probing depth.

Influence of Si,Ce,Sb and Sn on chunky graphite formation

The thirteen mother alloys,C%+1/3Si%=4.45%,differing in their Si,Ce,Sb and Sn contents,were prepared.Seventy grams of these alloys was remelted in a high purity alumina crucible at 1,450oC under an Ar atmosphere,and then cooled at 30 K/min for obtaining their cooling curves.Their graphite morphologies were observed using an optical microscope and an SEM.Their three-dimensional graphite shapes were observed by the SEM using the samples whose matrices were etched off with an acid-aqua solution,to confirm the chunky graphite.For discussing the influence of the Si and Ce contents on the chunky graphite formation,two experiments were carried out.In the first one,the Si contents were changed from 0 to 4% in the 0.15%Ce alloys,and for the second one,the 3.5%Si and 4%Si samples that differed in the Ce contents of 0.1 and 0.2% were used.In the third experiment,the influence of Sb and Sn on the chunky graphite formation was investigated by using the 4%Si and 0.1%Ce samples.The results showed that with the increase of the Si content,the volume fraction of the chunky graphite increases,while the volume fraction of the ledeburite decreases,and the chunky graphite volume fraction in the 0.2%Ce samples is higher than that of the 0.1%Ce samples.The effect of the Sb and Sn additions on the prevention of chunky graphite formation cannot be confirmed due to their high Si contents.Therefore,further studies will be needed in this field.

Role of microtubule dynamics in Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury

Wallerian degeneration,the progressive disintegration of distal axons and myelin that occurs after peripheral nerve injury,is essential for creating a permissive microenvironment for nerve regeneration,and involves cytoskeletal reconstruction.However,it is unclear whether microtubule dynamics play a role in this process.To address this,we treated cultured sciatic nerve explants,an in vitro model of Wallerian degeneration,with the microtubule-targeting agents paclitaxel and nocodazole.We found that paclitaxel-induced microtubule stabilization promoted axon and myelin degeneration and Schwann cell dedifferentiation,whereas nocodazole-induced microtubule destabilization inhibited these processes.Evaluation of an in vivo model of peripheral nerve injury showed that treatment with paclitaxel or nocodazole accelerated or attenuated axonal regeneration,as well as functional recovery of nerve conduction and target muscle and motor behavior,respectively.These results suggest that microtubule dynamics participate in peripheral nerve regeneration after injury by affecting Wallerian degeneration.This study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Southern Medical University,China(approval No.SMUL2015081) on October 15,2015.

Influence of boron on ferrite formation in copper-added spheroidal graphite cast iron

This paper reviews the original work of the authors published recently,describing the influence of B on the matrix of the Cuadded spheroidal graphite cast iron.The effect of Cu has been corrected as a ferrite formation promoter in the matrix of the grey cast iron by the usage of high-purity material.Also,this paper focuses on the ferrite formation and the observation of the Cu distribution in the B-added and B-free Cu-containing spheroidal graphite cast iron.The Cu film on the spheroidal graphite can be successfully observed in the B-free sample using a special etching method.However,in the B-added sample,no Cu film could be found,while the secondary graphite was formed on the surface of the spheroidal graphite.The interaction between B and Cu is stressed as a peculiar phenomenon by the employment of a contrast experiment of B and Mn.The heat treatment could make Cu precipitate more significantly in the eutectic cells and in the matrix in the form of large Cu particles because of the limited solubility of Cu.

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Promote Root Growth by Interfering with Auxin Pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana

TiO_(2) nanoparticles(nano-TiO_(2))are widely used in the world,and a considerable amount of nano-TiO_(2) is released into the environment,with toxic effects on organisms.In the various species of higher plants,growth,including seed germination,root elongation,and biomass accumulation,is affected by nano-TiO_(2).However,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated.In this study,we observed that nano-TiO_(2) promoted root elongation in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,we found that nano-TiO_(2) elevated auxin accumulation in the root tips of the auxin marker lines DII-VENUS and DR5::GUS,and,correspondingly,quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that nano-TiO_(2) increased the expression levels of auxin biosynthesis-and transport-related genes.GFP fluorescence observation using transgenic PIN2-GFP indicated that nano-TiO_(2) promoted root growth by inducing PIN2 accumulation.Thus,we propose that nano-TiO_(2) promote root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana by altering the expression levels of auxin biosynthesis-and transport-related genes.

Incomplete RFA of HCC promotes intrahepatic metastasis and stemness in a VEGFR1-dependent manner

Objective:Approximately 50%of hepatocellular carcinomas(HCCs)recur within 2 years after radiofrequency ablation(RFA).Cancer stem cells(CSCs)may play a critical role in the process of intrahepatic metastasis.Methods:We evaluated the migration and proliferation of HCC cell lines after sublethal heat treatment by performing transwell and cell counting assays.

Correction to"MicroRNA-320a suppresses tumor progression by targeting PBX3 in gastric cancer and is downregulated by DNA methylation"

We rechecked the original data of Figure 3,Part.B,and found that 0 h group in the BGC-823 cell wound scratch assay was misapplied.Therefore,we are writing to apply for the modification of Figure 3,Part.B.

Impacts of Nanchang Metro on Accessibility of Public Transport Network and Fairness of Travel for Indemnificatory Housing Residents

Based on the GIS spatial analysis technology,this paper assessed the effects of Nanchang metro in improving the accessibility of public transport networks in different spatial patterns.Besides,from the perspective of transport fairness,this paper evaluated the fairness of allocation of transportation resources for indemnificatory housing residents.Then,it revealed the reasons for the welfare loss of indemnificatory housing residents in fast rail transit resources,so as to provide a reference for promoting the space adaptation of indemnificatory housing residents.The study found that(i)the subway has improved the accessibility of the urban public transport network in terms of travel time and accessibility,but it has a different effect on improving the accessibility of the public transport network.After crossing a certain transit time and distance,there is a weakening trend,showing a pattern of"central expansion-peripheral weakness".(ii)The relative improvement of the metro on the accessibility of public transport for indemnificatory housing residents is lower than the overall improvement efficiency,and the fairness of the redistribution of transportation resources of the indemnificatory housing residents is impaired.(iii)In order to prevent and reduce the problem of space mismatch between indemnificatory housing and rail transit,it can be achieved by planning the metro network according to the spatial characteristics of indemnificatory housing residents’activities,guiding the selection of sites for indemnificatory housing with the TOD model,and forming a mixed community by combining the indemnificatory housing construction with commercial housing,to guarantee fair resource allocation of indemnificatory housing residents.

Review of Domestic Studies of Urban Agglomerations

Urban agglomeration is the mainstream and trend of global urban development,and it is also the ' major form' of China’s new urbanization. Based on the evolution of the concept of urban agglomeration,this paper focuses on the identification of urban agglomeration,benefit assessment,developmental rules and future trends. This paper sorted out the research process of domestic scholars on urban agglomerations,and summarized the problems in the existing research status of urban agglomerations in China. Finally,it came up with recommendations that the urban agglomeration life development theory system should be established with the cultivation base,network flow,quality core,and energy radiation circle as evaluation criteria,to study the three representative urban agglomerations in China from the perspective of regional function evaluation.