Tumor proliferation,metabolism,metastasis,and chemoresistance are intimately related to the tumor microenvironment(TME).The metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells is a hallmark of their adaptation to hypoxic and nutri...Tumor proliferation,metabolism,metastasis,and chemoresistance are intimately related to the tumor microenvironment(TME).The metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells is a hallmark of their adaptation to hypoxic and nutrient-deficient TMEs.Exosomes,a type of extracellular vesicle,have been found to regulate the crosstalk between tumor cells and the TME,affecting tumor metabolic reprogramming.In this review,we introduce the metabolic characteristics of tumor cells;describe the crosstalk between tumor cells and the TME in terms of glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,and amino acid metabolism through exosomes;and provide an overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes.A better understanding of tumor metabolism would provide a broader perspective about the mechanisms underlying tumor pathology and would facilitate the search for therapeutic targets and guide more individualized tumor treatment.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common viral pathogen that causes a substantial health burden worldwide. Remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of the natural stages of chronic HBV infection. A dynamic ba...Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common viral pathogen that causes a substantial health burden worldwide. Remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of the natural stages of chronic HBV infection. A dynamic balance between viral replication and host immune response is pivotal to the pathogenesis of liver disease. Knowledge of the HBV genome organization and replication cycle can unravel HBV genotypes and molecular variants, which contribute to the heterogeneity in outcome of chronic HBV infection. Most HBV infections are spontaneously resolved in immunocompetent adults, whereas they become chronic in most neonates and infants at a great risk of developing complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Those with chronic HBV infection may present in one of the four phases of infection: immune tolerance, immune clearance [hepatitis B eantigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB)], inactive carrier state, and reactivation (HBeAg-negative CHB). Understanding the dynamic nature of chronic HBV infection is crucial in the management of HBV carriers. Long-term monitoring and optimal timing of antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infection help to prevent progression of HBV-related liver disease to its later stage, particularly in patients with higher risk markers of HCC, such as serum DNA concentration, HBeAg status, serum aminotransferase, HBV genotypes, and pre-core or core mutants.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82173125 and 81974374).
文摘Tumor proliferation,metabolism,metastasis,and chemoresistance are intimately related to the tumor microenvironment(TME).The metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells is a hallmark of their adaptation to hypoxic and nutrient-deficient TMEs.Exosomes,a type of extracellular vesicle,have been found to regulate the crosstalk between tumor cells and the TME,affecting tumor metabolic reprogramming.In this review,we introduce the metabolic characteristics of tumor cells;describe the crosstalk between tumor cells and the TME in terms of glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,and amino acid metabolism through exosomes;and provide an overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes.A better understanding of tumor metabolism would provide a broader perspective about the mechanisms underlying tumor pathology and would facilitate the search for therapeutic targets and guide more individualized tumor treatment.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Department of Qingdao Government 07-2-1-15-nsh
文摘Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common viral pathogen that causes a substantial health burden worldwide. Remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of the natural stages of chronic HBV infection. A dynamic balance between viral replication and host immune response is pivotal to the pathogenesis of liver disease. Knowledge of the HBV genome organization and replication cycle can unravel HBV genotypes and molecular variants, which contribute to the heterogeneity in outcome of chronic HBV infection. Most HBV infections are spontaneously resolved in immunocompetent adults, whereas they become chronic in most neonates and infants at a great risk of developing complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Those with chronic HBV infection may present in one of the four phases of infection: immune tolerance, immune clearance [hepatitis B eantigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB)], inactive carrier state, and reactivation (HBeAg-negative CHB). Understanding the dynamic nature of chronic HBV infection is crucial in the management of HBV carriers. Long-term monitoring and optimal timing of antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infection help to prevent progression of HBV-related liver disease to its later stage, particularly in patients with higher risk markers of HCC, such as serum DNA concentration, HBeAg status, serum aminotransferase, HBV genotypes, and pre-core or core mutants.
