Polypore funga and species diversity in tropical forest ecosystems of Africa,America and Asia,and a comparison with temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere

Polypores play a cru cial role in energy recycling and forest regeneration in forest ecosystems.The majority of them are wood degraders;some are forest pathogens and others are ectomycorrhizal symbionts.The basidiocarps provide food and shelter for many organisms,mostly invertebrates,but also some vertebrates,as well as food and medicine for humans.Despite extensive research on the species diversity and phylogenetic relationships of polypores in recent years,there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of their distribution patterns and species composition at the large scale.Checklists of polypores from the tropical zone,including tropical Africa,tropical America,and tropical Asia,were analyzed for species diversity,distribution patterns,major taxa,and nutritional modes.A total of 1,902 polypore species was found in the three regions,representing 8 orders,46families,and 250 genera of Agaricomycetes.The orders Polyporales(especially the family Polyporaceae)and Hymenochaetales(especially the family Hymenochaetaceae)had the most prolific taxa,with their species accounting for 93.4%of the total polypores listed.Each of 1,565(or 82.3%)of the total 1,902 species were found in only one of the three regions studied,and we treat them temporarily as"regional endemic species".Only 141species were shared among all three regions,accounting for a mere 7.4%.Tropical Africa and tropical America had the greatest number of shared species and the highest S?rensen similarity index(SC)value.Tropical forests had a higher species richness compared with temperate to boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere,and in addition,also a higher proportion of white rot polypores compared to brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species.This study outlines the distribution patterns and species diversity of polypores in the world,shedding light on their ecological significance in diverse ecosystems.

中国各省植物园中多孔菌种类、分布和组成

多孔菌是木材腐朽菌中最关键的真菌类群,是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。为了明确植物园对植物上真菌资源的保护状况,在2010–2021年间,作者对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的31个代表性植物园中木本植物上的多孔菌进行了系统调查、标本采集和种类鉴定,记录多孔菌164种,隶属于担子菌门伞菌纲6目23科79属。其中,中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园、儋州热带植物园和广西药用植物园多孔菌种类最多,分别有90种、46种和37种;兰州植物园、西宁植物园和乌鲁木齐植物园物种数量最少,分别有4种、3种和2种。在植物园中,分布最多的物种是云芝栓孔菌(Trametesversicolor)、白囊耙齿菌(Irpex lacteus)和黑管孔菌(Bjerkandera adusta),分别生长在24、18和18个植物园中,而软多孢孔菌(Abundisporus mollissimus)等32种多孔菌只发现于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园中。在164种多孔菌中,常见种、偶见种和稀有种分别有114、40和10种。生长在植物园中的多孔菌仅占全国所有森林生态系统多孔菌总数的16%,而植物园中发现的稀有种仅占全国稀有种总数的3.1%。在10种稀有多孔菌中,有6种发现于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园的天然林中,其中4种稀有多孔菌发现于植物园内的人工林中,占植物园所有多孔菌的2.4%,占全国稀有多孔菌的1.3%。所调查植物园多孔菌包括了热带、亚热带、温带、北半球广布和寒温带成分,分别包括50、45、38、20和11种,占本研究多孔菌总数的30.5%、27.4%、23.2%、12.2%和6.7%。目前中国植物园保存了我国60%的植物种类,包括85%的珍稀濒危植物,但对生长在植物园中的多孔菌资源保护作用有限。因此,对稀有多孔菌的保育仍需聚焦在森林生态系统的保护上。

我国寒温带至亚热带森林多孔菌区系和多样性比较

多孔菌是木材腐朽菌的重要类群,具有重要的生态功能和经济价值。本文比较分析了我国寒温带至亚热带的阿尔泰山脉、秦岭山脉和南岭山脉的多孔菌物种、生态习性和区系特征。经调查,在三个山脉共发现多孔菌8目29科107属287种,其中阿尔泰山、秦岭和南岭分别为84种、132种、160种,优势科均为多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科。三个山脉的共有属和共有种分别为25个和14个。区系地理分析发现,阿尔泰山脉和秦岭山脉以世界广布成分和北温带成分为主,南岭山脉以世界广布和泛热带成分为主。在寄主选择性方面,阿尔泰山脉的多孔菌偏好生长在裸子植物上,其比例高于被子植物,而秦岭和南岭则相反。在腐朽类型方面,从寒温带至亚热带白腐真菌物种数量呈现逐渐上升的趋势,而褐腐真菌数量逐渐下降。通过比较分析3个不同气候带的多孔菌物种多样性、寄主偏好性和引起的腐朽类型,发现气候和植被类型是影响多孔菌区系组成的主要因素。